Virtual milgram: empathic concern or personal distress? Evidence from functional MRI and dispositional measures

Cheetham, Marcus; Pedroni, Andreas; Antley, Angus; Slater, Mel; Jäncke, Lutz

doi:10.3389/neuro.09.029.2009

Cited by 87 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…Furthermore, batterers also show a higher activation in the ACC to the IPV vs neutral images. At a functional level, the ACC has been involved in self-referential aspects of thinking, emotional contagion and affective perspective taking (Raichle et al, 2001;Raine and Yang, 2006;Harrison, 2008;), and its activation during the observation of pain have been predicted by individual differences in neuroticism (Cheetham et al, 2009). This observation may be directly related to findings showing that lower perspective taking abilities and higher levels of personal distress in reaction to the emotions of others are related to violence perpetration in batterers (Covell et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Are batterers different from other criminals? An fMRI study

Bueso‐Izquierdo

Verdejo‐Román

Contreras‐Rodríguez

et al. 2016

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a complex and global phenomenon that requires a multi-perspective analysis. Nevertheless, the number of neuroscientific studies conducted on this issue is scarce as compared with studies of other types of violence, and no neuroimaging studies comparing batterers to other criminals have been conducted. Thus, the main aim of this study was to compare the brain functioning of batterers to that of other criminals when they are exposed to IPV or general violence pictures. An fMRI study was conducted in 21 batterers and 20 other criminals while they observed IPV images (IPVI), general violence images (GVI) and neutral images (NI). Results demonstrated that batterers, compared with other criminals, exhibited a higher activation in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex and in the middle prefrontal cortex and a decreased activation in the superior prefrontal cortex to IPVI compared to NI. The paired t-test comparison between IPVI and GVI for each group showed engagement of the medial prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate and the left angular cortices to IPVI in the batterer group only. These results could have important implications for a better understanding of the IPV phenomenon.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Are batterers different from other criminals? An fMRI study

Bueso‐Izquierdo

Verdejo‐Román

Contreras‐Rodríguez

et al. 2016

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

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“…The present study extends previous research by investigating observers' reactions in a more salient interpersonal context. Specifically, instead of using pictures, videotaped models/confederates or avatars 13,15,16,72,78,81 , observers watched a real-life participant undergoing painful stimulation.…”

Section: Self-report Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Negative Emotional Responses Elicited by the Anticipation of Pain in Others: Psychophysiological Evidence

Caes

Uzieblo

Crombez

et al. 2012

The Journal of Pain

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Limited evidence is available about factors influencing observers' anticipatory emotional responses to another's pain. We investigated fear and distress towards the threat of pain in others, and the moderating role of observers' psychopathic traits and catastrophizing about own or other's pain. Thirty-six dyads of healthy participants were randomly assigned to either the role of observer or observed participant. Both participants were instructed that one coloured slide (blue or yellow) signalled that a pain stimulus could possibly be delivered to the observed participant (= pain signal), whereas no pain stimulus would be delivered when a differently coloured slide was presented (= safety signal). Observers' self-reported fear, fearpotentiated startle and corrugator EMG activity during pain and safety signals were measured. Furthermore, observers rated the presence of pain after each trial allowing assessment of observers' perceptual sensitivity to other's pain. Results indicated that selfreported fear, fear-potentiated startle and corrugator EMG activity were augmented during pain signals compared to safety signals. Moreover, these negative emotional responses were heightened in observers highly catastrophizing about other's pain, but reduced in observers with heightened psychopathic traits. Psychopathic traits were also related with a diminished perceptual sensitivity to other's pain. The results are discussed in light of affectivemotivational perspectives on pain.

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“…The predictions can then be tested against what happens in naturally occurring events and the theory examined for its viability. This type of approach can also be used to gather real-time data about brain activity of people when faced with such a situation (Cheetham et al, 2009). …”

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confidence: 99%

Enhancing Our Lives with Immersive Virtual Reality

2016

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SUMMARYVirtual reality (VR) started about 50 years ago in a form we would recognize today [stereo head-mounted display (HMD), head tracking, computer graphics generated images] -although the hardware was completely different. In the 1980s and 1990s, VR emerged again based on a different generation of hardware (e.g., CRT displays rather than vector refresh, electromagnetic tracking instead of mechanical). This reached the attention of the public, and VR was hailed by many engineers, scientists, celebrities, and business people as the beginning of a new era, when VR would soon change the world for the better. Then, VR disappeared from public view and was rumored to be "dead. " In the intervening 25 years a huge amount of research has nevertheless been carried out across a vast range of applications -from medicine to business, from psychotherapy to industry, from sports to travel. Scientists, engineers, and people working in industry carried on with their research and applications using and exploring different forms of VR, not knowing that actually the topic had already passed away.The purpose of this article is to survey a range of VR applications where there is some evidence for, or at least debate about, its utility, mainly based on publications in peer-reviewed journals. Of course not every type of application has been covered, nor every scientific paper (about 186,000 papers in Google Scholar): in particular, in this review we have not covered applications in psychological or medical rehabilitation. The objective is that the reader becomes aware of what has been accomplished in VR, where the evidence is weaker or stronger, and what can be done. We start in Section 1 with an outline of what VR is and the major conceptual framework used to understand what happens when people experience it -the concept of "presence. " In Section 2, we review some areas where VR has been used in science -mostly psychology and neuroscience, the area of scientific visualization, and some remarks about its use in education and surgical training. In Section 3, we discuss how VR has been used in sports and exercise. In Section 4, we survey applications in social psychology and related areas -how VR has been used to throw light on some social phenomena, and how it can be used to tackle experimentally areas that cannot be studied experimentally in real life. We conclude with how it has been used in the preservation of and access to cultural heritage. In Section 5, we present the domain of moral behavior, including an example of how it might be used to train professionals such as medical doctors when confronting serious dilemmas with patients. In Section 6, we consider how VR has been and might be used in various aspects of travel, collaboration, and industry. In Section 7, we consider mainly the use of VR in news presentation and also discuss different types of VR. In the concluding Section 8, we briefly consider new ideas that have recently emerged -an impossible task since during the short time we have written this page even newer idea...

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Virtual milgram: empathic concern or personal distress? Evidence from functional MRI and dispositional measures

Cited by 87 publications

References 106 publications

Are batterers different from other criminals? An fMRI study

Are batterers different from other criminals? An fMRI study

Negative Emotional Responses Elicited by the Anticipation of Pain in Others: Psychophysiological Evidence

Enhancing Our Lives with Immersive Virtual Reality

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