Viral isolation studies of inclusion positive biopsy from human connective tissue diseases

Frequency of intraendothelial `virus-like' particles: An electron microscopy study of 376 human renal biopsies

“…This is in agreement with the numerous workers who showed inclusions morphologically identical to those of SLE in various diseases without any apparent relationship to SLE (Chandra, 1968;Moses, Glade, Kasel, Rosenthal, Hirshaut, and Chessin, 1968;Norton, 1969;Recher, Sinkovics, Sykes, and Whitescarver, 1969;Haas and Yunis, 1970;Feorino et al, 1970;Grausz et al, 1970;Pincus, Blacklow, Grimley, and Bellanti, 1970;Hurd et al, 1971;Garancis et al, 1971;Uzman, Saito, and Kasac, 1971;Eknoyan, Gyorkey, Dichoso, Martinez-Maldonado, Suki, and Gyorkey, 1972). To our knowledge the evidence of the absence of detectable inclusions against the diagnosis of SLE is much stronger than the evidence of their presence in favour of the diagnosis.…”

“…In the patients with SLE, identical structures were also described in the endothelial cytoplasm of muscular (Norton, 1969;Feorino, Hierholzer, and Norton, 1970), dermal (Norton, 1969;Haas and Yunis, 1970;Feorino et al, 1970;Prunieras, Grupper, Durepaire, Beltzer-Garelly, and Regnier, 1970), and synovial capillaries (Schumacher, 1970) in the lymph node tissue (Haas and Yunis, 1970) and in the cytoplasm of mononuclear cells of peripheral blood (Bariety, Amor, Kahan, Balafrej, and Delbarre, 1971;Gyorkey and Sinkovics, 1971). The results obtained in the renal biopsies of patients without any evidence of SLE are highly divergent.…”

“…Moreover those structures yielded to digestion by RNase but not by DNase (Gyorkey and Sinkovics, 1971). Unfortunately until now it has not been possible to characterize the virus implicated in the process or even to ascertain that it actually was a virus and that despite a series of studies with a variety of morphological, immunological, and tissue culture techniques (Norton, 1969;Feorino et al, 1970;Pincus et al, 1970). High titres of circulating antibodies against paramyxoviruses, non-myxoviruses RNA viruses, and DNA viruses (Pincus et al, 1970;Phillips and Christian, 1970;Hollinger, Sharp, Lidsky, and Rawls, 1971) may simply represent a non-specific hyperimmune response known in SLE.…”

Human lupus‐type inclusions in umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells

“…Raji cells in which interferon was used to induce the formation of LI remained alive and grew at normal rates (13). Also, our characterization of the macromolecular components of LI as ribonucleoprotein and membrane that are synthesized de novo in response to a-interferon (14) refutes the suggestion (15,16) originate from ultrastructural modifications secondary to injury.…”

Human Lupus Inclusions and Interferon

“…Lupus inclusions have never been purified and are not classically viral in nature (8). Most reports about them consist of electron microscopic and ultracytochemical observations, from which one can only infer biological and biochemical information.…”