Violation of energy conditions and entropy production in holographic Bjorken flow

Rougemont, Romulo; Noronha, Jorge; Barreto, W.; Denicol, Gabriel S.; Dore, Travis

doi:10.1103/physrevd.104.126012

Cited by 13 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Using the characteristic formulation of general relativity, we obtain numerical solutions to the Einstein equations which corresponds to the out-of-equilibrium evolution of data initialized shortly after the "collision" of two heavy ions. With our evolutions we clarify previous results on entropy production in holographic models [56] and confirm previous numerical results about the hydrodynamic attractor of N = 4 SYM theory [57,58]. Following this, we compute derivatives of the spatial diagonal components of the energy-momentum tensor of the fluid with respect to its energy density.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The initial data required to begin the evolution consists an initial time v 0 , an initial value of the asymptotic coefficient a 4 (dual to the energy density), an initial value for the radial shift diffeomorphism λ as well as a profile for B(z, v 0 ) on the initial time slice (where we have already changed variables, r = 1/z, placing the boundary at the finite location z = 0). For the initial profile we follow previous authors [56,60,93] and choose to parameterize our solutions as deviations away from a vacuum AdS solution to the Einstein equations.…”

Section: Initial Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where Ω {1,2,3} , γ {1,2,3} and β {1−5} are free parameters. One notes that this is precisely the parameterization of the initial data used in [56],…”

Section: Initial Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrodynamic attractors for the speed of sound in holographic Bjorken flow

Cartwright¹,

Kaminski²,

Knipfer³

2022

Preprint

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The speed of sound is a central quantity in the exploration of the phase diagram of quantum chromodynamics, specifically through heavy ion collisions analyzed in the Beam Energy Scan at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Such collisions push the system generically far away from equilibrium, where thermodynamic quantities are not well-defined and the thermodynamic definition for the speed of sound becomes unreliable. In addition, the plasma is approximately boost invariant along the beamline, leading to initially large anisotropy between that direction and the transverse plane. Here, we extend the standard thermodynamic definition to calculate the speed of sound when the system is out of equilibrium, in particular, undergoing Bjorken flow. Then, we compute this out-ofequilibrium speed of sound in a holographic plasma, and demonstrate remarkable agreement with the hydrodynamic prediction. We show by Borel resummation that the holographic system has one attractor for this speed of sound longitudinal, and another transverse, to the direction of Bjorken expansion. Attractor times for various initial flow conditions show that reaching an attractor does not imply or require local thermal equilibrium. In the cases studied, reaching an attractor implies hydrodynamization (quantities evolve approximately according to hydrodynamics), justifying the name hydrodynamic attractor.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Initial Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrodynamic attractors for the speed of sound in holographic Bjorken flow

Cartwright¹,

Kaminski²,

Knipfer³

2022

Preprint

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“…3.1. For this reason, it is interesting to note the holographic Bjorken flow can evolve to violate the dominant and weak energy conditions [110], even with initial conditions that satisfy these bounds. For conformal Bjorken flow, the weak energy condition was given in the first holographic study of Bjorken flow [111]…”

Section: Violation Of Energy Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kinetic theory satisfies the energy conditions: the weak energy condition implies that the energy density is non-negative and the dominant energy condition is the requirement that matter does not exceed the speed of light [112]. These violations could possibly indicate that this prehydrodynamic regime would lie outside of the domain of validity of kinetic theory descriptions [110].…”

Section: Violation Of Energy Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic attractors in heavy ion collisions: a review

Soloviev

2021

Preprint

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Relativistic liquids: GENERIC or EIT?

Gavassino

Antonelli

2023

Class. Quantum Grav.

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We study the GENERIC hydrodynamic theory for relativistic liquids formulated by Öttinger and collaborators. We use the maximum entropy principle to derive its conditions for linear stability (in an arbitrary reference frame) and for relativistic causality. In addition, we show that, in the linear regime, its ﬁeld equations can be recast into a symmetric-hyperbolic form. Once rewritten in this way, the linearised ﬁeld equations turn out to be a particular realization of the Israel-Stewart theory, where some of the Israel-Stewart free parameters are constrained. This also allows us to reinterpret the GENERIC framework in view of the principles of Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics (EIT).

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Violation of energy conditions and entropy production in holographic Bjorken flow

Cited by 13 publications

References 80 publications

Hydrodynamic attractors for the speed of sound in holographic Bjorken flow

Hydrodynamic attractors for the speed of sound in holographic Bjorken flow

Hydrodynamic attractors in heavy ion collisions: a review

Relativistic liquids: GENERIC or EIT?

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