VII. The Brain in the Edentata.

Ge, Smith

doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1899.tb00479.x

Cited by 32 publications

(45 citation statements)

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“…Often associated with edentate mammals during the 19th century (e.g., Smith, 1897Smith, , 1899 and into the 20th century (e.g., Novacek, 1986;Shoshani, 1986a), pholidotans were given ordinal status in 1904 by Weber. Gregory (1910, p. 100) classified Pholidota within Edentata.…”

Section: Ferae and Ungulata Dichotomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Taxonomic Relationships among Extant Mammals Based on Morphology, with Selected Comparisons of Results from Molecular Data

Shoshani

McKenna

1998

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

206

131

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Section: Ferae and Ungulata Dichotomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Taxonomic Relationships among Extant Mammals Based on Morphology, with Selected Comparisons of Results from Molecular Data

Shoshani

McKenna

1998

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

206

131

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“…This region is similar to the retrosplenial cortex in the rat (Krieg, '46), cat (Rose and Malis, '65), and squirrel (Kaas et al,'72). In the armadillo, a sulcus is inconsistently present between the striate and retrosplenial areas which may be sulcus (a) of Smith (1899). In the depths of this sulcus, and on either side of it, is a small transitional region.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Functional localization and cortical architecture in the nine‐banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus)

Royce

Martin

Dom

1975

J of Comparative Neurology

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A functional map of the armadillo neocortex was produced by cortical stimulation and recording evoked potentials following somatic, auditory and visual stimuli. The results obtained were then correlated with the cortical architecture as revealed by Nissl, Golgi and myelin-stained sections. Cortex rostral to the supraorbital sulcus has a wide layer IV and is mostly silent, except for a motor eye field and a part of the tongue sensory region in its caudal part. Two types of motor-sensory cortex are present caudal to the supraorbital sulcus. Postsupraorbital I is mostly motor and has prominent pyramidal layers. Layer V is particularly well developed and in rostral sections its superficial zone is broken up into clusters similar to the solid "barrels" seen in layer IV of other species. Postsupraorbital II has less prominent pyramidal layers and layers II and III are organized into clusters. This region corresponds to the sensory area for the limbs and trunk and the partially overlapping (surface recordings) sensory and motor areas for head, snout and tongue. Digits and limbs are rostral to the trunk representation in both the sensory and motor "homunculi." Even though surface recording was employed, potentials evoked by visual stimuli could only be recorded from a small caudal area with a very thin layer IV. Although striate and peristriate areas appear similar in Nissl stained preparations, they can be readily differentiated in Weil stained sections. The stellate character of neurons in layer IV of the visual cortex is particularly apparent in Golgi material. Auditory evoked surface potentials were recorded from a broad oval region in the caudal lateral cortex which has a wide layer IV and aggregates of neurons in layers II and III. A Weil stain demonstrates inner and outer bands of Baillarger in this same region. The presumptive insular cortex is electrically silent to sensory stimulation and presents as a narrow band just dorsal to the rhinal fissure with indefinite cell lamination and little myelin.

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“…To date, no endocrania of either Louisinidae or Apheliscidae have been described. Otherwise, there exists a great variety of neopallial sulcal pattern among xenarthrans ranging from lissencephalic to gyrencephalic brain anatomy [Elliot Smith, 1899, 1902Anthony, 1972]. Future studies of the endocranial casts of the early representatives of these taxa will allow workers to test their apparent affinities to Afrotheria and to determine whether the advanced morphology of the LCA endocast is a synapomorphy of Afrotheria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tubulidentata and Bibymalagasia The neopallial morphologies of the extant aardvark and that of Plesiorycteropus have been described several times [Elliot Smith, 1899, 1902Sonntag and Woollard, 1925;Friant, 1960;Thewissen, 1985;MacPhee, 1994; Nieuwenhuys et al, 1998]. The olfactory bulbs of Bibymalagasia (Plesiorycteropus germainepetterae) are less than twice as voluminous as those of Tubulidentata ( table 1 ).…”

Section: Description and Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As in other Macroscelididae, its brain is a little more encephalized than other Afroinsectiphilia and its neocortex is larger [Bauchot and Stephan, 1967;Jerison, 1973]. The brain of Orycteropus also bears at least three sulci and there is neither midbrain exposure nor prominent floccular lobes [Elliot Smith, 1899, 1902Sonntag and Woollard, 1925;Friant, 1960;Thewissen, 1985]. To find such advanced characters in both major clades of Afrotheria strongly suggests that they were already present in the last common ancestor of Afrotheria (LCA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Memory Already like an Elephant's? The Advanced Brain Morphology of the Last Common Ancestor of Afrotheria (Mammalia)

et al. 2013

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Virtually reconstructed and natural endocranial casts are used in the study of brain evolution through geological time. We here present work investigating the paleoneurological evolution of afrotherian mammals. Using microCT-generated endocasts we show that, with the exception of the subfamilies Macroscelidinae and Tenrecoidea, most Afroinsectiphilia display a more or less gyrencephalic and ventrally expanded neopallium, two derived features that are unexpected for these insectivore-grade afrotherians. This implies that the endocranial cast morphology at the root of the afrotherian clade may have been more advanced than previously thought. The reconstructed endocranial morphology of the Afrotheria's last common ancestor reaches the level of complexity of some early Cenozoic archaic ungulates. Our result gives support to the hypothesis of an ungulate-like ancestral body plan for Afrotheria. It also implies that the a priori ‘primitive' suite of traits evident in the brain of Afroinsectivora, especially in the tenrecs, may have been secondarily acquired. Implications on the overestimation of the divergence age of Afrotheria are discussed.

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VII. The Brain in the Edentata.

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

Higher Taxonomic Relationships among Extant Mammals Based on Morphology, with Selected Comparisons of Results from Molecular Data

Higher Taxonomic Relationships among Extant Mammals Based on Morphology, with Selected Comparisons of Results from Molecular Data

Functional localization and cortical architecture in the nine‐banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus)

A Memory Already like an Elephant's? The Advanced Brain Morphology of the Last Common Ancestor of Afrotheria (Mammalia)

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