Vicu�as and Llamas: Parallels in behavioral ecology and implications for the domestication of andean camelids

The construction of hunting sceneries: Interactions between humans, animals and landscape in the Antofalla valley, Catamarca, Argentina

“…Table showing the measurements used to the analysis of types of weapons using the method proposed by Ratto (1994Ratto ( , 2003. which has a daily movement which is complementary to the information obtained regarding the hunting landscape in Antofalla (Tomka, 1992). However, this does not deny the possibility of performing hunting over troops of single males or lonely males.…”

“…In this territory there is a high area included, which is used to rest, taking advantage preferably of rocky areas which give certain protection, and lower areas with grass and water resource. Their daily movement is routine, they sleep in the higher zones and descend during the sunlight hours to graze and drink, going back at twilight time to the rocky areas used to rest (Cajal, 1998;Franklin, 1982;Haber, 2003a;Haber and Moreno, 2008;Hoffmann et al, 1983;Koford, 1957;Tomka, 1992). Due to the physiology of these animals they must drink water every day and that is why their movements are inevitably daily made.…”

“…The way of delimit the territories is based in the conformation of dung piles (Bonacic, 2005;Tomka, 1992;Wheeler, 2006). In this territory there is a high area included, which is used to rest, taking advantage preferably of rocky areas which give certain protection, and lower areas with grass and water resource.…”

“…However, this does not deny the possibility of performing hunting over troops of single males or lonely males. The family groups are defined by a dominant male or relincho, who maintains and controls the territory, a variable quantity of adult females, young females over one year old and the litters of both sexes under one year (Bonacic, 2005;Franklin, 1982;Tomka, 1992;Wheeler, 2006). The relincho is in charge of taking care of the troop, staying alert to possible dangers while the females and the litters graze and it is who starts the escape if it is necessary.…”

Descripción de las huellas de camélidos y félidos de la localidad Pie de Vaca, Cenozoico Tardío de Puebla, centro de México y algunas consideraciones paleobiológicas

“…Con base en la dirección de los rastros, el hecho de los organismos que los produjeron exhiben una velocidad y modo de progresión semejante, así como a la homogénea profundidad de las huellas (≈ 4 cm), se propone un comportamiento gregario que a su vez sugiere cierta interacción social. Entre las especies actuales de llamas, solamente Lama guanicoe (guanaco) y Vicugna vicugna (vicuña) son salvajes y se distribuyen exclusivamente en Sudamérica (Lange, 2002); ambas especies muestran una marcada organización social y comportamiento territorial (Tomka, 1992). Los guanacos constituyen tres grupos sociales principales: (1) grupo familiar, (2) tropas de machos y (3) machos solitarios.…”