Vicarious Neural Processing of Outcomes during Observational Learning

Monfardini, Elisabetta; Gazzola, Valeria; Boussaoud, Driss; Brovelli, Andrea; Keysers, Christian; Wicker, Bruno

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073879

Cited by 39 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 94 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…Brain regions active in learning occurred in both cases, with the authors concluding, "it is evolutionarily efficient for general learning mechanisms to be conserved across individual and vicarious" learning ( [72], p. 14435). Similarly, an fMRI study comparing personal trial-and-error learning with learning by observing others also found that many of the same brain regions were activated during both types of learning [73]. These types of studies are further evidence that watching someone else behave aggressively in the media will not reduce learning.…”

Section: Flaw 4: the Brain Becomes What The Brain Doesmentioning

confidence: 83%

Catharsis and Media Violence: A Conceptual Analysis

Gentile

2013

Societies

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Abstract:The concept that doing something to "vent" aggression as a method of reducing aggressive feelings and behaviors, such as watching media violence or playing violent video games, continues to enjoy widespread public support despite a lack of empirical support. This article describes the historical origins of the concept and examines how well these conceptions fit with the modern usage of the aggression catharsis hypothesis. It is argued that there are four primary flaws with the catharsis hypothesis. First, the metaphor underlying Freud, Breuer, and Lorenz's conception of aggression is flawed. Aggression is not a drive. Second, although Aristotle did use the term catharsis with relation to violent media (plays and poetry), he did not mean that viewing media violence can purge the viewer of aggressive feelings or behaviors. Furthermore, he describes several detailed requirements of plot and character that must be followed if his type of catharsis is to be achieved, and modern media violence does not meet these requirements. Third, the empirical support is not only lacking, a large empirical base contradicts the catharsis hypothesis. This is seen both in studies attempting to demonstrate catharsis directly and in the broader media violence literature. Fourth, human neuroscience contradicts the catharsis hypothesis. Learning is not hindered by viewing something one more time-it is improved. Taken together, it appears that there is no possible way that the aggression catharsis hypothesis can be accurate. It nevertheless continues to "feel" correct at a phenomenological level, and the reasons for this are discussed.

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Section: Flaw 4: the Brain Becomes What The Brain Doesmentioning

confidence: 83%

Catharsis and Media Violence: A Conceptual Analysis

Gentile

2013

Societies

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“…The 549 structures found to be active in monitoring during speech perception and internal 550 speech monitoring during speech production (the pre--SMA, ACC, IFG, and AI) are all 551 regions that have been related to conflict processing in numerous tasks that require 552 conflict resolution. The same network has been found to be active in both error 553 making and error observation in the action domain: error detection increased 554 activity in the ACC, SMA, pre--SMA, and AI (Newman- Monfardini et al 2013). In the literature this network is also described as 556 the cingulo--opercular network, which has been related to task maintenance (e.g.…”

Section: Domain General Conflict Monitoring 547mentioning

confidence: 90%

Conflict monitoring in speech processing: An fMRI study of error detection in speech production and perception

et al. 2016

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26To minimize the number of errors in speech, and thereby facilitate 27 communication, speech is monitored before articulation. It is, however, unclear at 28 which level during speech production monitoring takes place, and what mechanisms 29 are used to detect and correct errors. The present study investigated whether 30 internal verbal monitoring takes place through the speech perception system, as 31proposed by perception--based theories of speech monitoring, or whether 32 mechanisms independent of perception are applied, as proposed by production--33 based theories of speech monitoring. With the use of fMRI during a tongue twister 34 task we observed that error detection in internal speech during noise--masked overt 35 speech production and error detection in speech perception both recruit the same 36 neural network, which includes pre--supplementary motor area (pre--SMA), dorsal 37 anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), anterior insula (AI), and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). 38Although production and perception recruit similar areas, as proposed by 39 perception--based accounts, we did not find activation in superior temporal areas 40 (which are typically associated with speech perception) during internal speech 41 monitoring in speech production as hypothesized by these accounts. On the 42 contrary, results are highly compatible with a domain general approach to speech 43 monitoring, by which internal speech monitoring takes place through detection of 44 conflict between response options, which is subsequently resolved by a domain 45 general executive center (e.g., the ACC). 46 47 3

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“…In order to understand others' actions, the perceiver must first observe the action and then form a mental imitation of it. In this way, action observation is closely linked to imitation (Dijksterhuis and Bargh, 2001) and observational learning (Monfardini et al, 2013). …”

Section: A Neural System For Action Observationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrative neural model of social perception, action observation, and theory of mind

Yang¹,

Rosenblau²,

Keifer³

et al. 2015

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

226

162

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In the field of social neuroscience, major branches of research have been instrumental in describing independent components of typical and aberrant social information processing, but the field as a whole lacks a comprehensive model that integrates different branches. We review existing research related to the neural basis of three key neural systems underlying social information processing: social perception, action observation, and theory of mind. We propose an integrative model that unites these three processes and highlights the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), which plays a central role in all three systems. Furthermore, we integrate these neural systems with the dual system account of implicit and explicit social information processing. Large-scale meta-analyses based on Neurosynth confirmed that the pSTS is at the intersection of the three neural systems. Resting-state functional connectivity analysis with 1000 subjects confirmed that the pSTS is connected to all other regions in these systems. The findings presented in this review are specifically relevant for psychiatric research especially disorders characterized by social deficits such as autism spectrum disorder.

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Vicarious Neural Processing of Outcomes during Observational Learning

Cited by 39 publications

References 94 publications

Catharsis and Media Violence: A Conceptual Analysis

Catharsis and Media Violence: A Conceptual Analysis

Conflict monitoring in speech processing: An fMRI study of error detection in speech production and perception

An integrative neural model of social perception, action observation, and theory of mind

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