Vibrational spectra of nitric acid dihydrate (NAD)

Grothe, Hinrich; Myhre, Cathrine Lund; Tizek, Heinz

doi:10.1016/j.vibspec.2003.05.001

Cited by 20 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Comparison of the optical constants of NAD by Niedziela et al (1998) and Toon et al (1994), which we have used for our simulations, with the Grothe et al (2004) measurements shows much better agreement with α-NAD than with β-NAD (Wagner et al, 2005). Figure 1D shows that refractive indices for ice are well known and, thus, are reliable for use in radiative transfer modelling.…”

Section: Refractive Indicesmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…However, these differences are more likely explained by the existence of two modifications of NAD (Lebrun et al, 1996;Tizek et al, 2002). First infrared spectra of α-NAD and β-NAD were published by Grothe et al (2004) who have noted that probably most of the previously published NAD spectra were from α-NAD or mixtures of α-and β-NAD.…”

Section: Refractive Indicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To calculate the radiative transfer of mid-IR limb measurements of PSCs it is necessary to account for radiation from the earth's surface and the troposphere which is scattered by Grothe et al (2004) 809 cm −1 (α), 811 cm −1 (β) Hudson et al (2002) 820 cm −1 (α) Koch et al (1996) 808 cm −1 (RAIRS), 808 cm −1 (trans) 821 cm −1 (RAIRS), 820 cm −1 (trans) Niedziela et al (1998) 808 cm −1 Richwine et al (1995) 820 cm −1 (α) Ritzhaupt and Devlin (1991) 809 cm −1 820 cm −1 Tisdale et al (1999) 820 cm −1 (α) Toon et al (1994) 802 cm −1 821 cm −1 (α), 821 cm −1 (β)…”

Section: Radiative Transfer and Retrieval Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spectroscopic evidence for NAT, STS, and ice in MIPAS infrared limb emission measurements of polar stratospheric clouds

et al. 2006

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Abstract.We have analyzed mid-infrared limb-emission measurements of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) during the Antarctic winter 2003 with respect to PSC composition. Coincident Lidar observations from McMurdo were used for comparison with PSC types 1a, 1b and 2. Application of new refractive index data of β-NAT have allowed to accurately simulate the prominent spectral band at 820 cm −1 observed by MIPAS at the location where the Lidar instrument observed type 1a PSCs. Broadband spectral fits covering the range from 780 to 960 cm −1 and from 1220 to 1490 cm −1 showed best agreement with the MIPAS measurements when spectroscopic data of NAT were used to simulate the MIPAS spectra. MIPAS measurements collocated with Lidar observations of Type 1b and Type 2 PSCs could only be reproduced by assuming a composition of supercooled ternary H 2 SO 4 /HNO 3 /H 2 O solution (STS) and of ice, respectively. Particle radius and number density profiles derived from MIPAS were generally consistent with the Lidar observations. Only in the case of ice clouds, PSC volumes are partly underestimated by MIPAS due to large cloud optical thickness in the limb-direction. A comparison of MIPAS cloud composition and Lidar PSC-type determination based on all available MIPAS-Lidar coincident measurements revealed good agreement between PSC-types 1a, 1b and 2, and NAT, STS and ice, respectively. We could not find spectroscopic evidence for the presence of nitric acid dihydrate (NAD) from MIPAS observations of PSCs over Antarctica in 2003.

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Section: Refractive Indicesmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Refractive Indicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Radiative Transfer and Retrieval Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spectroscopic evidence for NAT, STS, and ice in MIPAS infrared limb emission measurements of polar stratospheric clouds

et al. 2006

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“…In laboratory studies which investigated the crystallization behavior and structure of these phases by X-ray powder diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy (Tisdale et al, 1997;Tizek et al, Published by Copernicus GmbH on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Grothe et al, 2004) α-NAD and α-NAT were typically nucleated by shock freezing of nitric acid solutions with different molar composition. Tisdale et al (1997) for instance induced the nucleation of α-NAT by cooling of liquid thin films with a stoichiometric water to nitric acid molar ratio of 3:1 to temperatures below about 170 K. Conversion of the thin films to β-NAT occurred upon warming to higher temperatures.…”

Section: There Has Been An Increasing Interest Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tisdale et al (1997) for instance induced the nucleation of α-NAT by cooling of liquid thin films with a stoichiometric water to nitric acid molar ratio of 3:1 to temperatures below about 170 K. Conversion of the thin films to β-NAT occurred upon warming to higher temperatures. Grothe et al (2004) nucleated the two NAD modifications by shock freezing liquid nitric acid solution droplets of different molar compositions deposited to a sample support which was cooled to 80 K. Subsequent annealing upon warming to temperatures above 180 K led to the formation of almost pure β-NAD when starting with liquid aerosols of 2:1 water to nitric acid molar ratio. Nonstoichiometric compositions favored the predominant formation of α-NAD.…”

Section: There Has Been An Increasing Interest Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homogeneous nucleation rates of nitric acid dihydrate (NAD) at simulated stratospheric conditions – Part I: Experimental results

et al. 2006

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Abstract. The low temperature aerosol chamber AIDA was used to study the nucleation of nitric acid dihydrate (NAD) in super-cooled nitric acid aerosols under simulated stratospheric conditions in the temperature range 192 K-197 K. The nucleating solution droplets had median diameters between 225 and 290 nm and molar fractions of nitric acid between 0.26 and 0.28. Nucleation of solid particles was unambiguously observed in two out of three experiments during time periods of up to five hours. The newly formed crystals could be clearly distinguished from the remaining liquid droplets by their increasing size with an optical particle spectrometer. The solid particles could be unequivocally identified as strongly aspherical nitric acid dihydrate crystals (α-NAD) by in-situ FTIR-spectroscopy. From our experimental data set there is no indication of direct nucleation of NAT or a conversion of NAD into NAT while having saturation ratios with respect to NAT of about 20-26. The temporal evolutions of the NAD particle concentrations were used to derive individual nucleation rates for NAD. The measured volume nucleation rates ranged from 3.9×10 5 cm −3 s −1 at 195.8 K and X NA =0.27 to 1.9×10 7 cm −3 s −1 at 192.1 K and X NA =0.28. The corresponding hypothetical surface nucleation rates of 2×10 0 to 1×10 2 cm −2 s −1 are smaller than the parameterization of Tabazadeh et al. (2002) by factors between 25 and >10 3 .

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The mid‐IR Absorption Cross Sections of α‐ and β‐NAT (HNO₃ · 3H₂O) in the range 170 to 185 K and of metastable NAD (HNO₃ · 2H₂O) in the range 172 to 182 K

Iannarelli

Rossi

2015

JGR Atmospheres

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Growth and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption in transmission of the title nitric acid hydrates have been performed in a stirred flow reactor (SFR) under tight control of the H2O and HNO3 deposition conditions affording a closed mass balance of the binary mixture. The gas and condensed phases have been simultaneously monitored using residual gas mass spectrometry and FTIR absorption spectroscopy, respectively. Barrierless nucleation of the metastable phases of both α‐NAT (nitric acid trihydrate) and NAD (nitric acid dihydrate) has been observed when HNO3 was admitted to the SFR in the presence of a macroscopic thin film of pure H2O ice of typically 1 µm thickness. The stable β‐NAT phase was spontaneously formed from the precursor α‐NAT phase through irreversible thermal rearrangement beginning at 185 K. This facile growth scheme of nitric acid hydrates requires the presence of H2O ice at thicknesses in excess of approximately hundred nanometers. Absolute absorption cross sections in the mid‐IR spectral range (700–4000 cm−1) of all three title compounds have been obtained after spectral subtraction of excess pure ice at temperatures characteristic of the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. Prominent IR absorption frequencies correspond to the antisymmetric nitrate stretch vibration (ν3(NO3−)) in the range 1300 to 1420 cm−1 and the bands of hydrated protons in the range 1670 to 1850 cm−1 in addition to the antisymmetric O–H stretch vibration of bound H2O in the range 3380 to 3430 cm−1 for NAT.

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Vibrational spectra of nitric acid dihydrate (NAD)

Cited by 20 publications

References 15 publications

Spectroscopic evidence for NAT, STS, and ice in MIPAS infrared limb emission measurements of polar stratospheric clouds

Spectroscopic evidence for NAT, STS, and ice in MIPAS infrared limb emission measurements of polar stratospheric clouds

Homogeneous nucleation rates of nitric acid dihydrate (NAD) at simulated stratospheric conditions – Part I: Experimental results

The mid‐IR Absorption Cross Sections of α‐ and β‐NAT (HNO₃ · 3H₂O) in the range 170 to 185 K and of metastable NAD (HNO₃ · 2H₂O) in the range 172 to 182 K

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Vibrational spectra of nitric acid dihydrate (NAD)

Cited by 20 publications

References 15 publications

Spectroscopic evidence for NAT, STS, and ice in MIPAS infrared limb emission measurements of polar stratospheric clouds

Spectroscopic evidence for NAT, STS, and ice in MIPAS infrared limb emission measurements of polar stratospheric clouds

Homogeneous nucleation rates of nitric acid dihydrate (NAD) at simulated stratospheric conditions – Part I: Experimental results

The mid‐IR Absorption Cross Sections of α‐ and β‐NAT (HNO3 · 3H2O) in the range 170 to 185 K and of metastable NAD (HNO3 · 2H2O) in the range 172 to 182 K

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The mid‐IR Absorption Cross Sections of α‐ and β‐NAT (HNO₃ · 3H₂O) in the range 170 to 185 K and of metastable NAD (HNO₃ · 2H₂O) in the range 172 to 182 K