Viable spermatozoa in the bladder after electroejaculation of lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus)

Abstract

Summary. The bladder of 6 lion-tailed macaques was emptied and flushed with sterile saline. TALP-Hepes buffer was infused and the animals were electroejaculated. After electroejaculation, the semen quality was determined in the ejaculate and the bladder infusate. Of the 15 ejaculates analysed, a mean (\m=+-\s.e.m.) sperm count of 133\m=.\8(\m=+-\30\m=.\7) \m=x\106 with 69\m=.\5( \ m=+-\ 6\m=.\0%motility was obtained in the infusate as compared to the sperm count of 72\m=.\4 (\ m=+-\38\m=.\6 \m=x\106 with significantly lower (47\m=.\7\ m=+-\5\m=.\8%motility in the ejaculate.

Blockage of urine by intravesical ejaculate in cynomolgus monkeys

“…Ejaculates were obtained at weekly intervals by transrectal electroejaculation [see 3]. This procedure is comparatively safe, but might lead to the problem of retrograde ejaculation [4, 5]. If sperm remain in the urinary bladder for a longer time, they might precipitate [6], causing obstruction of the urinary bladder [7].…”

Retrograde ejaculation associated spontaneous sperm cystolithiasis in four rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

“…The urinary losses of sperm due to their retrograde flow into the urinary bladder varied considerably among species (Dooley et al , 1990, 1991, Pineda et al. , 1987, Schaffer et al , 1989a), and for certain males in these studies, 50-90% of sperm flowed into the urinary bladder during ejaculation or electroejaculation. Only boars do not retrograde significant numbers of sperm (less than 0.2%) into the urinary bladder during electroejaculation (Martin et al , 1994).…”

“…RE is relatively common in humans and in select other species, including cats (Dooley et al , 1991), dogs (Dooley et al , 1990), pigs (Martin et al. , 1994), stallion (Brinsko, 2001), sheep (Pineda et al , 1987), cattle (Dooley et al , 1986), and non-human primates (Schaffer et al , 1989a). In non-human primates though, RE has primarily been associated with routine electroejaculation which induces a lack of synchronous flow potentially due to asynchronous stimulation of nerve tracts, leading to trapping of semen in the posterior urethra (Chandolia et al , 2007, Schaffer et al , 1989a).…”

“…However, in the majority of cases, infection has not been documented as a cause for semen retrograde flow into the urinary bladder in non-human primates (Schaffer et al , 1989a). Since one rhesus macaque was SIV positive in this report, this infection might have contributed to this clinical presentation.…”

Xylazine does not Induce Retrograde Flow of Spermatozoa into the Urinary Bladder of Sexually Rested Boars

“…Significant losses of spermatozoa due to the retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder occur during mating in domestic cats (Dooley et al., 1991), during ejaculation induced by digital manipulation of the penis in dogs (Krause et al., 1989; Dooley et al., 1990; Pineda and Dooley, 1994), during collection of semen with an artificial vagina in cats (Dooley et al., 1991) and rams (Pineda and Dooley, 1991), during electroejaculation of non‐anaesthetized bulls (Dooley et al., 1986), rams (Pineda et al., 1987; Pineda and Dooley, 1991; Hernandez, 1992; Hernandez et al., 1992) and men (Hirsch et al., 1992), and during electroejaculation of anaesthetized cats (Frenette et al., 1986; Dooley et al., 1991), lion‐tailed macaques (Schaffer et al., 1989), and lowland gorillas (Schaffer et al., 1991). The urinary losses of spermatozoa due to the retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder varied considerably among species (Dooley et al., 1986; Frenette et al., 1986; Pineda et al., 1987; Schaffer et al., 1989; Dooley et al., 1990; Dooley et al., 1991; Schaffer et al., 1991), and for certain males in those studies, 50–100% of the spermatozoa displaced from their storage sites flowed into the urinary bladder during ejaculation or electroejaculation.…”