Viability of compact cities in the post-COVID-19 era: subway ridership variations in Seoul Korea

Measuring the effects of Compactness/Sprawl on COVID 19 spread patterns at the neighborhood level

“… Kwon et al (2022) also reported that the presence of commercial and office activities in the city (mixed land use) could positively affect mobility and the number of trips. This could increase the risk of COVID-19 spread.…”

“…To complicate the matter, the results of these factors may vary from one urban area to another, depending on each urban area's spatial and social characteristics ( Ihlebæk et al, 2021 ). Reducing the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on cities requires addressing these challenges and assessing the sustainability of the compact city model more closely ( Kwon et al, 2022 ). Despite some concerns about the safety of compact cities during the pandemic, researchers and urban planners have tried to seize this crisis as an opportunity to further promote compact urban development by increasing reclaiming urban streets, improving the pedestrian environment, increasing bike lanes, and further integration of open and green spaces ( Wang, Yang, et al, 2021 ).…”

“… Kwon et al (2022) assessed the impacts of COVID-19 in two compact cities, Seoul in South Korea and New York in the USA. Both cities have compact urban features, such as high population density, diverse land use composition, and advanced transportation systems, but have displayed very different trends in COVID-19 transmission and response.…”

A Spatial Adaptation Strategy for Safe Campus Open Spaces during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Korea University

“…This finding supports an earlier study by Alnusairat et al that shows that there are more students who consider increasing their frequency in visiting the OSoC than students who would stop their visits post-COVID-19 although there is also a tendency to reduce social interaction [ 17 ]. Several prior studies suggest that a higher temperature and extremely low or high humidity pose a higher risk of virus transmission [ 37 , 38 ]. The vibrancy of Democratic Plaza might indicate that students are more comfortable visiting OSoC when the temperature is lower with moderate humidity similar to the climatic attributes of the plaza during the observation time.…”

Do the determinants of COVID-19 transmission differ by epidemic wave? Evidence from U.S. counties

“…The determinants of COVID-19 transmission have been widely reviewed in diverse perspectives, including socio-demographic and economic factors ( Hamidi, Ewing, & Sabouri, 2020 ; Andersen, Harden, Sugg, Runkle, & Lundquist, 2020 ; Stankowska & Stankowska-Mazur, 2022 ), built environment factors measured in small and large scales ( Sun & Zhai, 2020 ; Hamidi, Sabouri, & Ewing, 2020 ; Hu, Roberts, Azevedo, & Milner, 2020 ; Kashem, Baker, González, & Lee, 2021 ; Kwon, Oh, Choi, & Kim, 2022 ), health resources ( Wang et al, 2021 ), as well as the mobility of people with regards to social distancing policies ( Huang & Li, 2022 ; Wei et al, 2021 ). Compared to when we first confronted the pandemic, we now have more empirical evidence on the characteristics of population and areas vulnerable to the COVID-19 transmission as well as whether the COVID-19 related policies have been effective.…”