“…However, there is still a big gap compared with Pt catalyst. Therefore, great efforts have been made to improve the electrocatalytic activity of MoS 2 , including phase transformation (Tang and Jiang, 2016 ; Jiao et al, 2018 ; Wang J. et al, 2018 ), defect engineering (Xie et al, 2013a , 2017 , 2019 ; Xie and Yi, 2015 ), nanocrystallization (Yun et al, 2017 ), doping (Xie et al, 2013b , 2016 ; Sun et al, 2014 , 2018 ; Xiong Q. et al, 2018 ), modification (Benson et al, 2017 ; Wang Q. et al, 2018 ) and compounding (Jayabal et al, 2017 ; Zhai et al, 2018 ), etc.…”