Vertical Handover Prediction Based on Hidden Markov Model in Heterogeneous VLC-WiFi System

Babalola, Oluwaseyi P.; Balyan, Vipin

doi:10.3390/s22072473

Cited by 16 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The degree of rationality of each decision was calculated by combining the results of the analytical hierarchy process and a two-person cooperative game model. Recently, the authors of [58] proposed an automated vertical handover algorithm for VLC-WiFi networks using the received signal strength values. This algorithm selects the next most likely base station to transmit based on the hidden Markov model.…”

Section: Load Balancingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Hybrid VLC/RF Networks: Features, Applications, and Future Directions

Bravo Alvarez,

Montejo-Sánchez,

Rodríguez-López

et al. 2023

Sensors

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The expectation for communication systems beyond 5G/6G is to provide high reliability, high throughput, low latency, and high energy efficiency services. The integration between systems based on radio frequency (RF) and visible light communication (VLC) promises the design of hybrid systems capable of addressing and largely satisfying these requirements. Hybrid network design enables complementary cooperation without interference between the two technologies, thereby increasing the overall system data rate, improving load balancing, and reducing non-coverage areas. VLC/RF hybrid networks can offer reliable and efficient communication solutions for Internet of Things (IoT) applications such as smart lighting, location-based services, home automation, smart healthcare, and industrial IoT. Therefore, hybrid VLC/RF networks are key technologies for next-generation communication systems. In this paper, a comprehensive state-of-the-art study of hybrid VLC/RF networks is carried out, divided into four areas. First, indoor scenarios are studied considering lighting requirements, hybrid channel models, load balancing, resource allocation, and hybrid network topologies. Second, the characteristics and implementation of these hybrid networks in outdoor scenarios with adverse conditions are analyzed. Third, we address the main applications of hybrid VLC/RF networks in technological, economic, and socio-environmental domains. Finally, we outline the main challenges and future research lines of hybrid VLC/RF networks.

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Section: Load Balancingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Hybrid VLC/RF Networks: Features, Applications, and Future Directions

Bravo Alvarez,

Montejo-Sánchez,

Rodríguez-López

et al. 2023

Sensors

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show abstract

“…On the other hand, an important branch has emerged in the use of optical and radio frequency technologies; although there are currently no works related to the comparison of their performances in many metrics, major studies focus on the formation and development of hybrid networks between these technologies, as can be seen in works about LiFi and WiFi hybrid networks [24], which is based on the AP selection of the most convenient technology in energy consumption, taking into account the number of nodes in IoT networks and preferably looking for static APs. Likewise, the work presented by Sanusi [25] describes load-balancing processes in LiFi and WiFi channels for the handover process (processes approached with various techniques like self-adaptive medium access control (SA-MAC) protocols [26] or hidden Markov models (HMMs) [27]). In addition to focusing on LiFi and WiFi networks, some other works model and measure metrics such as permanence times (performing simulations with Monte Carlo, also capturing the mobility of users in the system [28]), throughput, delay (using the enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) protocol for channel selection [29,30]), and packet drop rate (analyzing the MAC layer to improve throughput across the network and calculating collision probability and packet drop rate [31]), among others.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Analysis of P2P Networks with Light Communication Links: The Static Managed Case

et al. 2023

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Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks have emerged as potential solutions to issues that cause inefficient download times in networks because they can use the resources in the entire network, allowing nodes to act both as servers and clients simultaneously. Commonly, P2P networks use radio frequency (RF) to communicate among nodes; however, light fidelity (LiFi) has been developed as an alternative to wireless fidelity (WiFi) systems due to some advantages such as great speed (up to 1 Tbps), a high level of security, and less saturated channels in unlicensed bandwidth, making it ideal for RF-sensitive environments and networks with static nodes, since LiFi systems require a high node alignment level to enable efficient communication. In this article, we develop a mathematical model that captures the dynamics of LiFi- and WiFi-based P2P networks in static environments to allow for adequate LiFi links in managed conditions where the content is distributed from a single source node to the rest of the peers through different architectures. For the services considered in our work, we compare the performance of P2P networks using WiFi 7 and LiFi 2.0 technologies to provide clear quantitative numerical results that allow for adequate selection between these systems. Also, we validate our mathematical results through extensive simulations.

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“…In a Markov chain, each state corresponds to an observable event [16]. The HMM is a class of probabilistic graphical model with state (hidden) variables, which are estimated through a sequence of output (observable) events or variables [34]. In hidden Markov models, the current state of the system is not directly observable.…”

Section: Proposed Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Packet Loss Characterization Using Cross Layer Information and HMM for Wi-Fi Networks

Silva

Pedroso

2022

Sensors

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Packet loss is a major problem for wireless networks and has significant effects on the perceived quality of many internet services. Packet loss models are used to understand the behavior of packet losses caused by several reasons, e.g., interferences, coexistence, fading, collisions, and insufficient/excessive memory buffers. Among these, the Gilbert-Elliot (GE) model, based on a two-state Markov chain, is the most used model in communication networks. However, research has proven that the GE model is inadequate to represent the real behavior of packet losses in Wi-Fi networks. In this last category, variables of a single network layer are used, usually the physical one. In this article, we propose a new packet loss model for Wi-Fi that simultaneously considers the temporal behavior of losses and the variables that describe the state of the network. In addition, the model uses two important variables, the signal-to-noise ratio and the network occupation, which none of the packet loss models available for Wi-Fi networks simultaneously take into account. The proposed model uses the well-known Hidden Markov Model (HMM), which facilitates training and forecasting. At each state of HMM, the burst-length of losses is characterized using probability distributions. The model was evaluated by comparing computer simulation and real data samples for validation, and using the log-log complementary distribution of burst-length. We compared the proposed model with competing models through the analysis of mean square error (MSE) using a validation sample collected from a real network. Results demonstrated that the proposed model outperforms the currently available models for packet loss in Wi-Fi networks.

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Vertical Handover Prediction Based on Hidden Markov Model in Heterogeneous VLC-WiFi System

Cited by 16 publications

References 36 publications

A Review of Hybrid VLC/RF Networks: Features, Applications, and Future Directions

A Review of Hybrid VLC/RF Networks: Features, Applications, and Future Directions

Performance Analysis of P2P Networks with Light Communication Links: The Static Managed Case

Packet Loss Characterization Using Cross Layer Information and HMM for Wi-Fi Networks

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