Versatile Synthetic Strategy for Coating Upconverting Nanoparticles with Polymer Shells through Localized Photopolymerization by Using the Particles as Internal Light Sources

Beyazıt, Selim; Ambrosini, Serena; Marchyk, Nataliya; Palo, Emilia; Kale, Vishal; Soukka, Tero; Bui, Bernadette Tse Sum; Haupt, Karsten

doi:10.1002/anie.201403576

Cited by 116 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…A recent development is the design of nano-MIPs—structures of sizes comparable to that of antibodies [7]. When small MIPs are designed, the number of crosslinks may become important for the stability of the MIP [17]. …”

Section: Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (Mips)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in Connection to Biosensors?

Mattìasson

Ertürk

2017

Sensors

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The area of biosensor-oriented research has grown rapidly during recent years. From a start with enzyme-based sensors, it soon moved over to affinity-based sensors, e.g., immuno-based sensors. As long as the analytical device was used for a single measurement, i.e., as a disposable, stability problems were connected to storage stability, but not to operational stability. However, when repeated assays were to be used, or even sensors for on-line monitoring, then operational stability also came into play [1].To secure high operational stability, one often operates in enzyme technology studies with a surplus of enzymes. That means that the process is diffusion-controlled, and when enzyme molecules denature and lose activity, then earlier resting enzymes come into action [2].For immuno-based assays, one can approach the stability problems in two ways. The initial studies were made with competitive binding assays using labeled antigens mixed with free antigens. Then, the number of antibody binding sites was limiting, and denaturation then resulted in decreased sensitivity of the assay. One can compensate for these negative effects by measuring the binding of a standardized samples of labeled antigen [3]. If this is taken as 100% signal, then assay of the native antigen in the competitive assay will stay constant, as seen in Figure 1. For direct binding assays, an excess of binding sites is needed, and denaturation of a fraction thus does not influence sensitivity since earlier resting antibodies come into play instead of those that denatured.Most binding assays involving MIPs are at present direct binding assays; thus, one shall use a surplus of the binding sites.There are many reasons why a sensor with an immobilized biomolecule (enzyme, antibody, etc.) is losing activity. Denaturation due to temperature effects is often regarded as a causative; therefore, a refrigerator is recommended for storage of the bioactive components. The low temperature tolerance restricts the use of enzyme-based sensors in, e.g., fermentation control. It has so far, in essence, been impossible to operate with enzyme-based biosensors directly in fermentation broth. Off-line analysis has been the alternative choice. Thermostable enzymes from extremophilic microorganisms may help to some extent, but not enough for standing heat sterilization.In areas where an unbroken cold-chain cannot be guaranteed, then biosensors based on selectivity of biological macromolecules constitute a problem. That may be a problem in developing countries, esp. when analysis is planned in remote areas.However, there are other problems that might appear, e.g., the presence of proteases in the medium to be analyzed (that was what happened in the experiment illustrated in Figure 1). Such enzymes may destroy the bioactive component on the sensor surface, thereby reducing the sensitivity and definitely destroying the reproducibility. There are examples when infections of microorganisms have led to the presence of proteases that quickly destroyed the sensor device (Figure...

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Section: Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (Mips)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in Connection to Biosensors?

Mattìasson

Ertürk

2017

Sensors

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“…4) [96][97][98][99]. With known isoelectric points, the ζ potentials of the NPs and the conjugating biomolecules can be readily tuned in opposite charges by adjusting the pH value of the reaction buffers, which allows for direct bioconjugation of the NPs via electrostatic attraction [100].…”

Section: +mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic lanthanide nanoprobes for background-free luminescent bioassays

Huang

Zheng

et al. 2015

Sci. China Mater.

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Luminescent bioassay techniques have been widely adopted in a variety of research and medical institutions. However, conventional luminescent bioassays utilizing traditional bioprobes like organic dyes and quantum dots often suffer from the interference of background noise from scattered lights and autofluorescence from biological matrices. To eliminate this disadvantage, the use of inorganic lanthanide (Ln 3+ )-doped nanoparticles (NPs) is an excellent option in view of their superior optical properties, such as the long-lived downshifting luminescence, near-infrared triggered anti-Stokes upconverting luminescence and excitation-free persistent luminescence. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in the development of inorganic Ln 3+ -doped NPs as sensitive luminescent bioprobes from their fundamental physicochemical properties to biodetection, including the chemical synthesis, surface functionalization, optical properties and their promising applications for background-free luminescent bioassays. Future efforts and prospects towards this rapidly growing field are also proposed. INTRODUCTIONSensitive and specific bioassay of trace amount of target analytes is essential for a variety of biomedical applications ranging from pharmaceutical preparation to disease diagnosis and therapy [1][2][3]. Among various bioassay methods, luminescent bioassay has received particular attention because of its high sensitivity and good specificity [4,5]. Conventional luminescent bioassay techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), time-resolved (TR) fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA), Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and TR-FRET assays have laid the foundation for many modern clinical applications [6][7][8][9][10][11]. However, these bioassays are impeded by the availability of traditional bioprobes like organic dyes, lanthanide (Ln 3+ ) chelates and quantum dots (QDs). The use of these bioprobes has a number of limitations. Organic dyes commonly possess poor photochemical stability and suffer from serious photobleaching [12]. The applicability of QDs is compromised by photoblinking and high toxic- ity of heavy metal elements like cadmium and selenium, especially for in vivo biosensing [13,14]. Moreover, both organic dyes and QDs may induce high background noise and considerable photodamage to the biological samples under ultraviolet (UV) excitation, which deteriorates their detection sensitivity for bioassays [15,16]. Although such background noise can be suppressed by the technique of TR photoluminescence (PL) through the use of the longlived luminescence of Ln 3+ -chelates, the poor photochemical stability, long-term toxicity and high cost of Ln 3+ -chelates remain a major issue [17]. These concerns fuel a crucial demand for the development of a new generation of luminescent bioprobes to circumvent the limitations of traditional ones.Recently, with the explosion of nanoscience and nanotechnology, there is a growing dedication towards the development of diverse luminescent nanoprobes for biodetection ...

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“…For the polymerization of polymer shells on the NP surfaces, a UC photopolymerization technique was employed as a polymer synthesis method [25][26][27][28][29]. Generally, most current photopolymerization techniques require ultraviolet or shortwavelength visible light irradiation for the activation of photopolymerization initiators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, various monomers such as end functional monomers can be used for UC photopolymerization. Thus, functional groups can be immobilized on the obtained polymer shell surfaces [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1), they can be used in fluorescent nanothermometry and as imaging probes in deep tissue [19]. As photopolymerization initiators, eosin Y and a triethanolamine mixture were employed [26,27,30,31]. The OA-NaYF 4 NPs showed visible UC emission (550 nm and 660 nm), and the visible lightsensitive photopolymerization initiator, eosin Y could be activated by NIR irradiation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Near-Infrared to Visible Upconversion Emission Induced Photopolymerization: Polystyrene Shell Coated NaYF<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticles for Fluorescence Bioimaging and Nanothermometry

Kamimura

Yano

Kuraoka

et al. 2017

J. Photopol. Sci. Technol.

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In this study, upconversion (UC) photopolymerization of non-polar polystyrene (PSt) shells on rare-earth doped ceramic nanophosphors (RED-CNPs) was investigated to improve the optical properties. The PSt layer was prepared on rare-earth doped NaYF 4 NP surfaces by UC photopolymerization under 980 nm near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. The obtained PSt-modified NaYF 4 NPs are promising candidates for fluorescence imaging and as nanothermometry agents.

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Versatile Synthetic Strategy for Coating Upconverting Nanoparticles with Polymer Shells through Localized Photopolymerization by Using the Particles as Internal Light Sources

Cited by 116 publications

References 40 publications

Why Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in Connection to Biosensors?

Why Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in Connection to Biosensors?

Inorganic lanthanide nanoprobes for background-free luminescent bioassays

Near-Infrared to Visible Upconversion Emission Induced Photopolymerization: Polystyrene Shell Coated NaYF<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticles for Fluorescence Bioimaging and Nanothermometry

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