“…The main focus of this review will be hip and knee replacement, as these have been studied the most, but the issues raised are applicable to the simulation of all orthopaedic devices. FE models have grown in both size and sophistication and techniques exist to assess the initial post-op mechanical environment Zivkovic et al, 2010;Chong et al, 2010;Pettersen et al, 2009;Reggiani et al, 2008;Udofia et al, 2007;Spears et al, 2001;Baldwin et al, 2008;Godest et al, 2002;Taylor and Barrett 2003;Perillo-Marcone and Taylor 2007;Chang et al, 2001) through to the simulation of time dependent processes including bone remodelling induced stress shielding (Huiskes et al, 1987;Perez et al, 2010;Behrens et al, 2009;Gillies et al, 2007;Taylor et al, 2004;McNamara et al, 1997;Weinans et al, 1994;Rietbergen et al, 1993;Gupta et al, 2006), tissue adaptation Andreykiv et al, 2005;Simmons et al, 2001), wear (Strickland et al, 2011;Strickland and Taylor 2009;Knight et al, 2007;Fregly et al, 2005;Bevill et al, 2005;Teoh et al, 2002;Brown et al, 2002;Maxian et al, 1996;Pal et al, 2008), damage accumulation of the cement mantle (Coultrup et al, 2010;Janssen et al, 2009;Lennon et al, 2007;Jeffers et al, 2007;Janssen et al, 2006;…”