Verification of continual measuring methodology of ammonia emissions in animal husbandry

Abstract

The permanent deterioration of environment in the world forces the responsible authorities to create conditions for optimal development of both industry and agriculture. Agriculture is a specific sector producing 95% of total ammonia quantity in the world. For its reason there was started process in the framework of the European Economy Commission of the UN focused to the problem of the "abatement technology for animal husbandry". It was necessary to suggest and to verify methods of ammonia concentration continual measuring in the housing facility and outdoor environment. In addition there was suggested and verified the control methods for measured physical variables. The verified measuring methodology was incorporated into the legislative. In 2001 there was in drawn-up a new act on atmosphere control in the Czech Republic amended by the executive regulation for agriculture regarding the methodology of ammonia concentration measuring. This methodology provides how to perform the continual measuring and the sensors allocation.The measured air sample is taken -off at a certain instant of time for the purpose of investigated ammonia values comparison. The sample features are determined by the different authorised methods. For example, spectrometer is a suitable apparatus for this comparative measuring.All the spectrometric measuring methods are based on the knowledge, effects and reactions resulting from the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and material. Therefore there are two reagents. One of them (radiation) is measured to find out its features. At the same time there are observed reactions to the interaction. It is important that the acquired data inform us about examined substance atoms and molecule internal structure or, if need be, its concentration in mixture with other substances.Interpretation of radiation influence upon a substance is possible to be realised on basis of its dual hypothesis, i.e. wave -corpuscular character, when radiation has -according to this theory -wave properties (refractivity, reflectivity, flexibility) and simultaneously properties of energy elementary quantum flux -photons -moving as particles of certain wavelength in accordance with the de Broglie's relation. Each electromagnetic radiation is characterised by some basic quantities, e.g. frequency, wavelength, wave number (wave numbers per trajectory of 1 cm, unit equals cm -1 ), radiation spreading velocity, radiation photons energy etc. Result of interaction between the electromagnetic radiation and substance depends also on their properties and particularly on the radiation energy. Observed or registered phenomena of that process can be used for: -substance existence proof, -substance structure research, -substance concentration determination. This is a relatively rough limitation. By comparison of all methods used for this purpose (spectrometric in particular) will be found out that all these interactions can be decided into two groups: -Interactions with energy change between investigated substance and radiation...

The comparison of two types sensors for ammonia emission continual measurement

“…increase for example respiratory diseases as sneezing, pneumonia etc. with comparison of lower concentrations of NH 3 at level 5-15 ppm.The understanding and control of NH 3 's origin and the ability to control NH 3 in animal facilities is done by sampling and measurement techniques, including suitable sensors for ammonia measuring, instruments and procedures (JELÍNEK, PECEN 2003). Furthermore technical difficulties in field sampling and measurement require more careful study.…”