Verbal interference with encoding in a perceptual classification task.

Hock, Howard S.; Egeth, Howard E.

doi:10.1037/h0028512

Cited by 146 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…therefore, the data of Experiments 1 and 2 may most easily be reconciled with same version of the perceptual theory proposed by Hock and Egeth (1970). This theory states that presence of a distractor adds some constant amount to the time required to encode the display.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Stroop interference with response, comparison, and encoding stages in a sentence-picture comparison task

Seymour¹

1974

Memory & Cognition

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The paper discusses a Stroop variant of the word-picture comparison task analyzed by Chase and Clark (1971). The locatives above or below were printed at the center of a reference square. and Ss reported "Yes" if there was a word or an array of Xs in the location specified and "No" if there was not. l" nd er the control (Xs) conditions, above displays were classified faster than below displays and true displays faster than false displays. These effects were unaltered when the words "yes" or "no" or "right" or "wrong" were printed in place of the Xs. although there was a small overall increase in response latency under these Stroop conditions that was independent of agreement or dlsagreement between the distractor and the response to be made. When the locatives up and down were printed on the display, a substantial Stroop effect was observed, and the above-below and true-false effects were eliminated. These results are discussed in relation to theories about the nature of Stroop interference and processes involved in sentence-picture cornparisons. Clark (1971, 1972) have discussed a model for sentence-picture comparisons in which it is assumed that meanings of both sentences and pictures may be represented in propositional format in a single abstract or modality-free memory system. The time to indicate the congruence of a simultaneously displayed sentence and picture is thought to be the sum of the durations of sentence and picture encoding operations. a comparison operation, and operations of response selection and execution. These operations are viewed as independent "processing stages," having additive effects on the reaction time (Sternberg, 1969).The Chase and Clark model was initially applied to analysis of a task in which Ss rnatched the locatives above or beiow against the location of a dot that might appear ABOVE or BELOW a reference square (cf. Seymour. 1969). Both Seymour and Chase and Clark reported that above(ABOVE was classified as same faster than below(BELOW and that same displays were classified faster than different displays. Chase and Clark interpreted these resu1ts as indicating that "above "

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Stroop interference with response, comparison, and encoding stages in a sentence-picture comparison task

Seymour¹

1974

Memory & Cognition

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“…Severalexperimentshave been designed to show one or the other (e.g., Hintzman et al, 1972;Hock & Egeth, 1970;Keele, 1972). This question assumes that there is serial processing through independent stages and that the effect is located at either one or the other.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The perceptual conflict explanation (e.g., Hock & Egeth, 1970) holds that the word processing is primary and disrupts or delays processing of the color. The response conflict position (e.g., Keele, 1972) states that both word and color are processed in parallel up to response initiation and that interference occurs because of two incompatible responses (see Dyer, 1973 for a review).…”

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confidence: 99%

Involuntary automatic processing in color-naming tasks

Regan

1978

Perception & Psychophysics

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The automatic processing hypothesis holds that very familiar items are processed involuntarily, and two color-naming experiments were designed to test this further. Experiment 1 employed words as written stimuli and focal and nonfocal colors as inks. Supporting the automatic processing hypothesis, neutral words delayed color naming, indicating that their representations were activated involuntarily. There was no interaction of ink type and written item conditions. Experiment 2 employed single letters as written stimuli. Color-name initials delayed color naming when incompatible with the color and facilitated it when compatible, suggesting that, although letters may be processed involuntarily, the way in which they are encoded is influenced by the cognitive context. The data from both experiments were discussed in relation to current interpretations of Stroop effects.Several theorists have suggested that there are two fundamentally different modes of information processing, automatic and nonautomatic (LaBerge & Samuels, 1974;Posner & Snyder, 1975; Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977). They describe automatic processing as developing with practice, occurring involuntarily, and being independent of any limited capacity central mechanism. An example of such automatic processing is reading a word. For the child, reading is initially laborious and slow, and may proceed on a letter-byletter basis. For the adult skilled reader, reading requires little effort, is fast, and can be performed concurrently with other activities, as when one reads a billboard while driving. In reading a word, the automatic processing theorists suggest that an internal memorial representation of the word is automatically activated when the word is presented, and that such a representation contains information about the word's pronunciation, meaning, and association to other concepts.The focus of the present experiments is on the involuntary nature of automatic processing. Experiment 1 examined the involuntary processing of words. Experiment 2 employed single letters. Theories of automatic processing suggest that people have no direct control over automatic processes, that no decision making is involved, and that the processing sequence will run to completion whether or not it This paper was written while the author was at NASA, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, under a National Research Council Research Associateship. I would like to express thanks to Eleanor Rosch, who advised on the experiments and commented on the article, and to Stephen Palmer and Loy Braley, who commented on earlier versions. Requests for reprints should be sent to Joan Regan, Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412.is compatible with the person's intention. Posner and Snyder (1975) have indicated that the Stroop phenomenon is a prime example of automatic processing without intention.The Stroop task requires people to name the color ink in which a word is printed as quickly as they can. This task is difficult to do w...

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“…The perceptual encoding explanation assumes that words disrupt or delay the encoding of pictorial events (Hock & Egeth, 1970). The response competition model holds that responses to the two dimensions of the stimulus compete for a single channel output mechanism (Morton, 1969).…”

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confidence: 99%

Judging pictorial and linguistic aspects of space

Palef

1978

Memory & Cognition

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A test is made of the notion that Stroop-like interference and facilitation effects arise from two different sources, one pictorial and the other linguistic. It was hypothesized that when irrelevant information is pictorial, it interferes with a pictorial code used in the processing of the relevant information; when it is linguistic, it interferes with a linguistic code. The experiment required subjects to respond to (1) the meaning of a spatial word, (2)its absolute position, or (3) its relative position, while attempting to ignore the two irrelevant dimensions of the display. It was found that word meaning and absolute position information affected the speed of relative position judgments in an additive manner. No other Stroop-like effects were found. The results supported the hypothesis under test. It was concluded that the existence of different kinds of Stroop effect must be accommodated by current models of the phenomenon.A useful technique for investigating how people mentally describe and judge space is a modification of the Stroop (1935) experiment, in which spatial rather than color information is presented. The typical finding is that judgments of position or direction are interfered with by words whose meanings are incongruent with the meanings of the spatial displays. For example, White (1969) required subjects to respond to the position of a word that was north, east, south, or west within a square. When the meaning of the word was incongruent with the position (e.g., the word "north" at the bottom of the square), reaction time (RT) increased compared to a control condition in which the word was a nonsense syllable. Similarly, Shor (1970) found that when subjects indicated the direction of an arrow pointing up, down, left, or right, RT increased compared to a control condition when words located within the arrows were different from the direction of the arrow. Fox, Shor, and Steinman (1971) showed that interference to naming spatial direction decreased as the semantic aspects of the words ranged from incongruent names to space-related words to common words, rare words, and nonsense words. Finally, Palef and Olson (1975) demonstrated that the direction of interference, that is, whether spatial information interferes with judgments of word meaning or words interfere with judgments of space, depends on the relative processing speeds of the two sources of information. Words interfere with spatial judgments when they are processed faster than space; positions interfere with judgments of word meaning when they are processed faster.

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Verbal interference with encoding in a perceptual classification task.

Cited by 146 publications

References 12 publications

Stroop interference with response, comparison, and encoding stages in a sentence-picture comparison task

Stroop interference with response, comparison, and encoding stages in a sentence-picture comparison task

Involuntary automatic processing in color-naming tasks

Judging pictorial and linguistic aspects of space

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