Judging pictorial and linguistic aspects of space

Palef, Sandra R.

doi:10.3758/bf03197430

Cited by 32 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…However, because of the acuity gradient on the retinae, words presented centrally are likely to be processed faster than words presented peripherally, so the "neutral" controls may be faster than both compatible and conflicting trials. Indeed, this is what Palef (1978) found when she included such "controls" in her design. It would be possible to estimate the acuity effect by having subjects identify words that did not specify positions (e.g., APPLE, PEACH), presented centrally and peripherally.…”

mentioning

confidence: 76%

Constraints on strategy construction in a speeded discrimination task.

Logan¹,

Zbrodoff²

1982

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

136

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In three experiments, subjects reported the identity of a word (ABOVE or BELOW) that appeared above or below a fixation point. On some trials, a cue presented 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, or 1,000 msec before the word indicated the relation between position and identity (i.e., whether the dimensions were compatible, e.g., ABOVE/above and BELOW/below, or conflicted, e.g., ABOVE/below and BELOW/ above). On the other trials, the cue was withheld (Experiment 2) or it bore no information about the relation between dimensions (Experiments 1 and 3). In each experiment, the cue reduced reaction time below the level of no-cue or neutral-cue controls, indicating strategic use of the relation between dimensions. Experiments 1 and 2 manipulated the number of potential cues that could occur in a block. A stronger cuing effect was found when one cue could occur (Experiment 2) than when two cues could occur (Experiment 1). Experiment 3 manipulated practice; it revealed that with practice the cuing effect reached asymptote at shorter delays. The asymptote itself did not change. Experiment 4 showed that cue-delay effects were independent of warning interval (warning interval and cue delay were confounded in Experiments 1, 2, and 3). The experiments demonstrate construction and utilization of strategies; they show that construction is sensitive to constraints imposed by the subject's goals and abilities and by the structure of the task environment.This article reports an investigation of goals in some task environment. The strategy strategies for performing a speeded discrim-chosen is probably a compromise between ination task. It is based on the premise that the constraints imposed by the informational nearly all cognitive tasks are performed as structures in the task environment, by the strategies, and that cognitive psychology can resources, capacities, abilities, or processes advance only by coming to understand what in the subject's cognitive repertoire, and by strategies are and how they are constructed the structure of the goals to be obtained by and utilized. In general, a strategy may be performing. This suggests that strategies defined as an optional organization of cog-may be investigated experimentally by manitive processes designed to achieve some nipulating the different constraints. This approach was adopted in the experiments re-" ported here.

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mentioning

confidence: 76%

Constraints on strategy construction in a speeded discrimination task.

Logan¹,

Zbrodoff²

1982

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

136

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“…This process is proposed to account for semantic facilitation effects in priming studies (see, e.g., Carr, McCauley, Sperber, & Parmelee, 1982;Hines, Czerwinski, Sawyer, & Dwyer, 1986). Third, the assumption that the semantic interference effect is localized at the decision level does not seem in accordance with the disappearance of Stroop and picture-word interference effects in such non-narning tasks as scanning for a predefined color (Flowers & Dutch, 1976;Uleman & Reeves, 1971), sorting Stroop stimuli into bins according to ink color (Virzi & Egeth, 1985), indicating ink color by means of buttonpress responses (McClain, 1983), matching the ink color of two Stroop stimuli (Egeth, Blecker, & Kamlet, 1969), indicating the absolute position of an incongruent position word by means of a buttonpress response (Palef, 1978;Palef & Olson, 1975;Virzi & Egeth, 1985), and classifying geometric shapes or colors in the presence of incongruent names (Flowers & Stoup, 1977).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Components of Stroop-like interference in picture naming

1988

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The semantic interference effect observed in Stroop tasks and picture-word interference tasks might be due to the previous confounding of semantic similarity with task relevance (in the Stroop task) and with perceptual similarity (in the picture-word interference task). A picture-word variant ofthe Stroop task was devised in which the factors of task relevance and perceptual similarity were controlled. The distractor conditions allowed for the examination of four types of context effects. The results show that the overall Stroop-like interference effect can be decomposed into interference effects due to (1) a semantic relation between distractor and target, (2) the semantic relevance of the distractor word in the task at hand, (3) the presence of the distractor word in the response set, and (4) the mere presence of a word. Implications of these findings for the locus or loci of Stroop and picture-word interference effects are discussed. It is concluded that distractor words in Stroop-like naming tasks interfere mainly in the process of name retrieval.In the Stroop task, subjects are required to name colors that are part of, or accompanied by, a printed word (see, e.g., Glaser & Glaser, 1982;Stroop, 1935); in the picture-word interference task, subjects are required to name pictures that are accompanied by a printed word (see, e.g., Rosinski, Golinkoff, & Kukish, 1975;Underwood, 1976). In the Stroop task (see, e.g., Fox, Shor, & Steinman, 1971;Klein, 1964), and in the picture-word interference task (see, e.g., Glaser & Diingelhoff, 1984;Guttentag & Haith, 1978;Lupker, 1979;Rosinski, 1977), a distractor word that is semantically related to the target seems to induce more interference than a distractor word that is unrelated to the target. This semantic interference effect stands in marked contrast to the semantic facilitation effect observed in tasks in which subjects are required to read a target word that is preceded by, or presented simultaneously with, a prime word (e.g., Dallas & Merikle, 1976; La Heij, Van der Heijden, & Schreuder, 1985;Warren, 1977).A conclusion that could be drawn from these results is that a semantic relation between a distractor word (or prime word) and a target will hamper performance in tasks in which nonverbal targets have to be named (as in the Stroop task and the picture-word interference task) but will facilitate perfonnance in tasks in which verbal targets have to be read (as in the word-reading variant of the semantic priming task). Before accepting such a conclusion, it would seem worthwhile to determine whether the discrepancy can be attributed to other characteristics of the various tasks.Further inspection of the Stroop task and the pictureword interference task reveals that in both of these tasks the semantic relatedness factor is confounded with another Requests for reprints should be sent to W. La Heij, Department of Psychology, Unit of Experimental Psychology, University of Leiden, Hooigracht 15,2312 KM Leiden, The Netherlands. factor that might be responsible for the int...

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“…This has become a hallmark finding in support of the idea that interference is a direct consequence of the speed of processing each dimension. Palef (1978) then complicated the stimulus, adding an asterisk so that subjects could respond to relative or absolute position as well as to the word itself. She argued that the effects of the two potentially interfering dimensions were additive.…”

Section: Other Analogs Of the Stroop Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.

MacLeod

1991

Psychological Bulletin

4,732

165

3,607

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The literature on interference in the Stroop Color-Word Task, covering over 50 years and some 400 studies, is organized and reviewed. In so doing, a set ofl 8 reliable empirical findings is isolated that must be captured by any successful theory of the Stroop effect. Existing theoretical positions are summarized and evaluated in view of this critical evidence and the 2 major candidate theories--relative speed of processing and automaticity of reading--are found to be wanting. It is concluded that recent theories placing the explanatory weight on parallel processing of the irrelevant and the relevant dimensions are likely to be more successful than are earlier theories attempting to locate a single bottleneck in attention.In 1935, J. R. Stroop published his landmark article on attention and interference, an article more influential now than it was then. Why has the Stroop task continued to fascinate us? Perhaps the task is seen as tapping into the primitive operations of cognition, offering clues to the fundamental process of attention. Perhaps the robustness of the phenomenon provides a special challenge to decipher. Together these are powerful attractions in a field of complex phenomena where the most subtie variation may exert a dramatic effect.In writing this article, I have two primary intentions. The first is to create a taxonomy of the empirical work on the Stroop task and its analogs. At least 70% of the more than 700 Strooprelated articles in the literature have been published since the reviews by Dyer (1973c) and Jensen and Rohwer (1966). Furthermore, Dyer's theoretical framework now seems in need of reconsideration, so that his review no longer provides the optimal organization. The second aim, then, is to survey existing theories, showing the critical weaknesses in the standard explanations and dispelling some myths that have arisen. I argue for a new theoretical framework for the Stroop effect, informed by contemporary cognitive psychology. This framework is more comprehensive than many earlier experiment-specific hypotheses, and suggests directions in which future research might profitably proceed.

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Judging pictorial and linguistic aspects of space

Cited by 32 publications

References 14 publications

Constraints on strategy construction in a speeded discrimination task.

Constraints on strategy construction in a speeded discrimination task.

Components of Stroop-like interference in picture naming

Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.

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