Verbal and visuospatial working memory development and deficits in children and adolescents with schizophrenia

White, Tonya; Schmidt, Marcus; Karatekin, Canan

doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2010.00204.x

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(84 reference statements)

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“…As expected, age‐related differences were present in our behavioral data [Luciana and Nelson, ; White et al, ]. Children had a significantly longer response time for both probes and foils compared to adolescents.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

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Brain connectivity during verbal working memory in children and adolescents

Bosch

Marroun

Schmidt

et al. 2012

Human Brain Mapping

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Working memory (WkM) is a fundamental cognitive process that serves as a building block for higher order cognitive functions. While studies have shown that children and adolescents utilize similar brain regions during verbal WkM, there have been few studies that evaluate the developmental differences in brain connectivity. Our goal was to study the development of brain connectivity related to verbal WkM in typically developing children and adolescents. Thirty-five healthy children and adolescents, divided into three groups: 9–12 (children), 13–16 (young adolescents) and 17–19 (older adolescents) years, were included in this fMRI study. The verbal WkM task involved a modified Sternberg item recognition paradigm using three different loads. Brain connectivity analysis was performed using independent component analyses and regressing the components with the design matrix to determine task-related networks. Connectivity analyses resulted in four components associated solely with encoding, four solely with recognition and two with both. Two networks demonstrated age-related differences with respect to load, 1) the left motor area and right cerebellum, and 2) the left prefrontal cortex, left parietal lobe, and right cerebellum. Post hoc analyses revealed that the first network showed significant effects of age between children and the two older groups. There was increasing connectivity with increasing load for adolescents. The second network demonstrated age-related differences between children and older adolescents. Children have higher task-related connectivity at lower loads, but they tend to equalize with the adolescents with higher loads. Finally, a non-load related network involving the orbital frontal and anterior cingulate cortices showed less connectivity in children.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…This is particularly useful in imaging studies focusing on separate phases of WkM and also allows for comparisons with nonhuman primate studies mapping the neural architecture of WkM networks [Goldman‐Rakic et al, ]. Finally, the SIRP allows the testing for developmental differences within the different components of WkM [White et al, ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain connectivity during verbal working memory in children and adolescents

Bosch

Marroun

Schmidt

et al. 2012

Human Brain Mapping

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, overall, it seems that most complex executive functions continue to develop throughout childhood and into young adulthood (Anderson, Anderson, Northam, Jacobs, & Catroppa, 2001;Huizinga, Dolan, & van der Molen, 2006;Korkman et al, 2013;Rosselli et al, 2010). Finally, it has been shown that most memory functions are still developing into adolescence, although the exact age of mastery varies depending on the type of memory task used and the cognitive load (Huizinga et al, 2006;Korkman et al, 2001Korkman et al, , 2013White, Schmidt, & Karatekin, 2010). Working memory, for example, seems to develop from 2 years to about 12 years of age (Gathercole, 1998(Gathercole, , 1999, while longterm memory develops relatively fast from 5 to 8 years of age and then gradually stabilizes (Gathercole, 1998;Schneider, Knopf, & Sodian, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association of gender, age, and intelligence with neuropsychological functioning in young typically developing children: The Generation R study

Mous

Schoemaker

Blanken

et al. 2016

Applied Neuropsychology: Child

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Although early childhood is a period of rapid neurocognitive development, few studies have assessed neuropsychological functioning in various cognitive domains in young typically developing children. Also, results regarding its association with gender and intelligence are mixed. In 853 typically developing children aged 6 to 10 years old, the association of gender, age, and intelligence with neuropsychological functioning in the domains of attention, executive functioning, language, memory, sensorimotor functioning, and visuospatial processing was explored. Clear positive associations with age were observed. In addition, gender differences were found and showed that girls generally outperformed boys, with the exception of visuospatial tasks. Furthermore, IQ was positively associated with neuropsychological functioning, which was strongest in visuospatial tasks. Performance in different neuropsychological domains was associated with age, gender, and intelligence in young typically developing children, and these factors should be taken into account when assessing neuropsychological functioning in clinical or research settings.

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“…Several studies have specifically examined the encoding stage in verbal, visual, spatial and visuospatial WkM in schizophrenia, using behavioural, electrophysiological and neuroimaging methods. These studies provide support that encoding and early maintenance processes are slower and/or less efficient in schizophrenia than in control samples, leading to deficiencies in the nature of the internal representation to be maintained during the delay period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While schizophrenia and in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a very different clinical phenotype, both are associated with deficits in working memory (WkM) . Patients with schizophrenia can show WkM deficits prior to the onset of their illness .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%