Velocity, Oxygen Uptake, and Metabolic Cost of Pull, Kick, and Whole-Body Swimming

Abstract

Implementation of this testing protocol before and after a pull- or kick-training block will enable sport scientists to determine how the velocity contributions and/or metabolic cost of the upper- and lower-limb actions have responded to the training program.

Human thrust in aquatic environment: The effect of post-activation potentiation on flutter kick

“…In the first of two 100 m dash trials, the stride frequency showed a larger effect size after PAP [49]. It has been reported that kicking frequency has an effect on metabolic response [50]. The increase in speed due to higher kicking frequency can have the detrimental effect of a larger internal mechanical work.…”

Diferentes perspectivas da ação de membros inferiores nos quatro nados competitivos: uma revisão integrativa

“…Os artigos buscaram diferenças na cinemática e no custo de energia entre os nados e a utilização dos membros inferiores. 14,16,35,39 Também foi apresentada a contribuição das pernas para os quatro nados competitivos, buscando a frequência da ação das pernas na eficiência de propulsão e na coativação muscular durante a ondulação subaquática. 38 Ainda, alguns estudos se atentaram para a relação entre diminuição da velocidade de natação e atividade muscular durante o nado, o que pode ser traduzida como fadiga.…”

Modelling the 200 m Front-Crawl Performance Predictors at the Winter Season Peak

“…Bivariate analyses were carried out, establishing relationships between a single determinant domain (notably physiology or biomechanics) and performance. The anaerobic threshold [1][2][3], energy cost [4,5] or time-limit and minimum velocity to achieve the maximal oxygen uptake [6,7] were reported as strongly related to swimming performance. Furthermore, it was determined that those physiological factors seem to depend on biomechanics, such as the stroke kinematics [8], the speed fluctuation [9] and the arm's propelling efficiency [10,11].…”