Vehicle to Grid Services: Potential and Applications

Abstract

Electric Vehicle (EV) technology is expected to take a major share in the light-vehicle market in the coming decades. Charging of EVs will put an extra burden on the distribution grid and in some cases adjustments will need to be made. On the other hand, EVs have the potential to support the grid under various conditions. This paper studies possible potential and applications of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) services, including active power services, which discharge the EV batteries, and power quality services, which do not engage the battery or require only small amounts of battery charge. The advantages and disadvantages of each service and the likelihood that a given service will be effective and beneficial for the grid in the future are discussed. Further, the infrastructure cost, duration, and value of V2G services are compared qualitatively.

Vehicle-to-grid Technology: Concept, Status, and Challenges

“…4 The fact that there is practically no stakeholder in this ecosystem (consisting of vehicle manufacturer, vehicle owner, Independent System Operator, and the end-user of V2G power) who is at a loss, provides a compelling reason for us to move towards this technology, and drive power grids and electric vehicles towards a V2G-compatible environment. 4,29 This zero-loss claim could be confirmed by implementing V2G on a smallscale, perhaps on micro-grids, where its reliability and the cost-power analysis could be studied in detail. 30 We must recall that the concept can be deemed viable only if it can provide electricity comparable to the existing sources of generation.…”

Integrating renewable energy sources by electric vehicle fleets under uncertainty

“…The 1st stage objective remains the same corresponding to the objective function (2). Costs for the planned external needed charging power are calculated based on the day ahead forecasted PV.…”

“…In this context charging strategies from EV e i.e. flexible loads e could support a smooth integration of RES and stabilization of the grid e especially due to their long idle times [2].…”

Optimal Charging Scheduling of Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids by Heuristic Algorithms

“…Variables used in the optimisation problem are the hourly demands. Using this approach, the GA chromosome is composed of 24 genes (Load demand 1 , Load demand 2 , Load demand 3 , … , Load demand 24 ). Genes are encoded by real numbers that correspond to hourly total demands according to Equation (14).…”

“…Moreover, the optimal scheduling of EV battery charging could allow high EV penetration without requiring any upgrades to the existing electricity infrastructure [21] (cables and transformers), thereby reducing investment expenses. Optimal scheduling also offers the possibility of managing EVs as V2G [19,[22][23][24], providing ancillary services to network operators [25]. The optimisation of EV charging is a demand-response strategy that must be incorporated into Demand-Side Management (DSM) and implemented by a EV aggregator to improve the flexibility of the distribution network [9].…”