Vehicle-To-Grid for Peak Shaving to Unlock the Integration of Distributed Heat Pumps in a Swedish Neighborhood

Abstract

The city of Stockholm is close to hitting the capacity limits of its power grid. As an additional challenge, electricity has been identified as a key resource to help the city to meet its environmental targets. This has pushed citizens to prefer power-based technologies, like heat pumps and electric vehicles, thus endangering the stability of the grid. The focus of this paper is on the district of Hammarby Sjöstad. Here, plans are set to switch from district heating to heat pumps. A previous study verified that this choice will cause overloadings on the electricity distribution grid. The present paper tackles this problem by proposing a new energy storage option. By considering the increasing share of electric vehicles, the potential of using the electricity stored in their batteries to support the grid is explored through technical performance simulations. The objective was to enable a bi-directional flow and use the electric vehicles' (EVs)' discharging to shave the peak demand caused by the heat pumps. It was found that this solution can eliminate overloadings up to 50%, with a 100% EV penetration. To overcome the mismatch between the availability of EVs and the overloadings' occurrence, the minimum state of charge for discharging should be lower than 70%.

Review of Peak Shaving Features of the Power Box

“…The usage of heat pumps in the city has affected the power grid system by causing the overload of the local electricity distribution grid. [16] A study also considers the bidirectional nature of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). According to reported literature, there is a work on Housing Peak Shaving Algorithm (HPSA) application on 10 000 studies where these include implementing one PHEV to each house.…”

“…A deal with the EVs user and the utility company is also suggested, to prevent any future difficulties. We believe with the increase in the effective performance of V2G technology done by researchers nowadays, such as shaving the peak demands due to heat pumps, [ 16 ] as well as reducing peak demand in power distribution systems, [ 13 ] installation of EV as an ESS for the grid is a reasonable approach and an impressive solution to cut the peak load. By implementing the small‐scale EMS as reviewed herein, an effective performance of V2G system can be obtained by determining, predicting, and calculating the energy that needs to be supplied from the vehicles.…”

“…The usage of heat pumps in the city has affected the power grid system by causing the overload of the local electricity distribution grid. [ 16 ]…”

The Potential of Vehicle-to-Home Integration for Residential Prosumers: A Case Study

“…This potential is also shown in connection with heat pumps. In Arnaudo et al [8], for example, it is shown on the basis of simulations that bidirectional charging in conjunction with heat pumps can relieve the existing grid infrastructure and thus enable the integration of heat pumps. Basically, it can be said that Vehicle-to-Grid can improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of electricity grids and save CO2 emissions [9].…”

Smart charging of electric vehicles to minimize the cost of charging and the rate of transformer aging in a residential distribution network

“…SC schemes for EVs could be motivated by a wide range of techno-economic objectives. EV charging may be coordinated with the objective of peak shaving [6,7] and flattening the load profile [8,9]. The variance of system demand from the optimal loading can be minimized with controlled charging of EVs [10,11].…”