Vehicle emissions and PM2.5 mass concentrations in six Brazilian cities

Andrade, María de Fátima; Miranda, Regina Maura de; Fornaro, Adalgiza; Kerr, Americo Adlai Franco Sansigolo; Oyama, Beatriz Sayuri; André, Paulo Afonso de; Saldiva, Paulo Hilário Nascimento

doi:10.1007/s11869-010-0104-5

Cited by 172 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

109

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…An EF analysis relative to the UCC composition using Al as reference has been performed. Results from such analysis indicate that all elements are consistently below the EF calculated from Landis et al (2007), except K, the element previously linked to biofuel usage in ambient measurements (Andrade et al, 2012). This suggests indeed a higher emission of K from Brazilian HDVs, as in the US.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Sulphate ranged from 7 % in the JQ tunnel to 5 % in the RA tunnel, indicating that a significant fraction of sulphur is either emitted directly from the tailpipes or quickly oxidised to the particle phase. Nonetheless, its contribution to PM 2.5 mass balance is considerably smaller than that found in ambient samples in the SPMA (∼ 20 %) (Ynoue and Andrade, 2004;Castanho and Artaxo, 2001;Andrade et al, 2012). Trace elements associated with vehicular sources account for 10 % and 1 % in the JQ and RA tunnels, respectively.…”

Section: Chemical Mass Balancementioning

confidence: 86%

“…K, however, is the fourth most abundant element in the RA tunnel. Previous receptor modelling studies in the SPMA have found significant amounts of K in profiles linked to LDV and HDV emissions, especially with the latter (Castanho and Artaxo, 2001; Andrade et al, 2012). Given that K is found in vegetation, high levels of this element from vehicular emissions could be due to biofuel usage (Andrade et al, 2012).…”

Section: Oc Ec and Trace Elementsmentioning

confidence: 95%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Physical–chemical characterisation of the particulate matter inside two road tunnels in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area

Brito¹,

Rizzo²,

Herckès

et al. 2013

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. The notable increase in biofuel usage by the road transportation sector in Brazil during recent years has significantly altered the vehicular fuel composition. Consequently, many uncertainties are currently found in particulate matter vehicular emission profiles. In an effort to better characterise the emitted particulate matter, measurements of aerosol physical and chemical properties were undertaken inside two tunnels located in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA). The tunnels show very distinct fleet profiles: in the Jânio Quadros (JQ) tunnel, the vast majority of the circulating fleet are light duty vehicles (LDVs), fuelled on average with the same amount of ethanol as gasoline. In the Rodoanel (RA) tunnel, the particulate emission is dominated by heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) fuelled with diesel (5 % biodiesel). In the JQ tunnel, PM 2.5 concentration was on average 52 µg m −3 , with the largest contribution of organic mass (OM, 42 %), followed by elemental carbon (EC, 17 %) and crustal elements (13 %). Sulphate accounted for 7 % of PM 2.5 and the sum of other trace elements was 10 %. In the RA tunnel, PM 2.5 was on average 233 µg m −3 , mostly composed of EC (52 %) and OM (39 %). Sulphate, crustal and the trace elements showed a minor contribution with 5 %, 1 %, and 1 %, respectively. The average OC : EC ratio in the JQ tunnel was 1.59 ± 0.09, indicating an important contribution of EC despite the high ethanol fraction in the fuel composition. In the RA tunnel, the OC : EC ratio was 0.49 ± 0.12, consistent with previous measurements of diesel-fuelled HDVs. Besides bulk carbonaceous aerosol measurement, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified. The sum of the PAHs concentration was 56 ± 5 ng m −3 and 45 ± 9 ng m −3 in the RA and JQ tunnel, respectively. In the JQ tunnel, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) ranged from 0.9 to 6.7 ng m −3 (0.02-0. 1 ‰ of PM 2.5 ) whereas in the RA tunnel BaP ranged from 0.9 to 4.9 ng m −3 (0.004-0. 02 ‰ of PM 2.5 ), indicating an important relative contribution of LDVs emission to atmospheric BaP.Real-time measurements performed in both tunnels provided aerosol size distributions and optical properties. The average particle count yielded 73 000 cm −3 in the JQ tunnel and 366 000 cm −3 in the RA tunnel, with an average diameter of 48 nm in the former and 39 nm in the latter. Aerosol single scattering albedo, calculated from scattering and absorption observations in the JQ tunnel, indicates a value of 0.5 associated with LDVs. Such single scattering albedo is 20-50 % higher than observed in previous tunnel studies, possibly as a result of the large biofuel usage. Given the exceedingly high equivalent black carbon loadings in the RA tunnel, real time light absorption measurements were possible only in the JQ tunnel. Nevertheless, using EC measured from the filters, a single scattering albedo of 0.31 for the RA tunnel has been estimated. The results presented here characterise particulate matter emitted from nearly 1 million vehicles fuelled with a considerable amount of...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Chemical Mass Balancementioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Oc Ec and Trace Elementsmentioning

confidence: 95%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Physical–chemical characterisation of the particulate matter inside two road tunnels in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area

Brito¹,

Rizzo²,

Herckès

et al. 2013

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Cu and Fe were found in the LDV-impacted tunnel study in São Paulo and Cu is emitted from brake pads in stopand-go driving in the expressways (Andrade et al, 2012b;Brito et al, 2013). Cu and Fe are also present in ethanol after the processing of copper tanks.…”

Section: Source Apportionment Using Pmf and Polar Plotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. São Paulo in Brazil has relatively relaxed regulations for ambient air pollution standards and often experiences high air pollution levels due to emissions of particulate pollutants from local sources and long-range transport of air masses impacted by biomass burning. In order to evaluate the sources of particulate air pollution and related health risks, a year-round sampling was done at the University of São Paulo campus (20 m a.g.l.), a green area near an important expressway. The sampling was performed for PM 2.5 (≤ 2.5 µm) and PM 10 (≤ 10 µm) in 2014 through intensive (everyday sampling in wintertime) and extensive campaigns (once a week for the whole year) with 24 h of sampling. This year was characterized by having lower average precipitation compared to meteorological data, and high-pollution episodes were observed all year round, with a significant increase in pollution level in the intensive campaign, which was performed during wintertime. Different chemical constituents, such as carbonaceous species, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and derivatives, water-soluble ions, and biomass burning tracers were identified in order to evaluate health risks and to apportion sources. The species such as PAHs, inorganic and organic ions, and monosaccharides were determined using chromatographic techniques and carbonaceous species using thermal-optical analysis. Trace elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The risks associated with particulate matter exposure based on PAH concentrations were also assessed, along with indexes such as the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPE) and lung cancer risk (LCR). High BaPE and LCR were observed in most of the samples, rising to critical values in the wintertime. Also, biomass burning tracers and PAHs were higher in this season, while secondarily formed ions presented low variation throughout the year. Meanwhile, vehicular tracer species were also higher in the intensive campaign, suggesting the influence of lower dispersion conditions in that period. Source apportionment was performed using positive matrix factorization (PMF), which indicated five different factors: road dust, industrial emissions, vehicuPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 11944 G. M. Pereira et al.: Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo lar exhaust, biomass burning and secondary processes. The results highlighted the contribution of vehicular emissions and the significant input from biomass combustion in wintertime, suggesting that most of the particulate matter is due to local sources, in addition to the influence of pre-harvest sugarcane burning.

show abstract

“…Other information regarding the measurement of hydrocarbons, ozone precursors, and particles are from experimental campaigns carried out at different sites, mainly in the MASP, and from the IAG-USP Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes. To evaluate particle size distributions for mass, number distribution of fine particles, and cloud condensation nuclei, a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor was employed , whereas particle concentrations and composition were evaluated with receptor modeling (Andrade et al, 2012b;Miranda et al, 2012).…”

Section: Air Quality and Meteorological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Air quality forecasting system for Southeastern Brazil

Andrade

Ynoue

Freitas

et al. 2015

Front. Environ. Sci.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Southeastern Brazil, the most populous and developed region of the country, faces various environmental problems associated with the growth of its population in urban areas. It is the most industrialized area in the country, comprising the metropolitan areas of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, and other major cities. Air quality is a major concern, because the reported concentrations of certain regulated pollutants, typically ozone and fine particulate, have exceeded national standards. Due to the difficulty in taking measurements over many different areas, air quality modeling is a useful tool to estimate air pollutant concentrations. For southeastern Brazil, air quality modeling has been performed mostly with the Brazilian Regional Atmospheric Modeling System with Simplified Photochemical Module and the Weather Research and Forecast with Chemistry models. One of the main objectives was to study the evolution of air quality associated with improved vehicle emission factors in urban areas, the impact of climate change on air quality, and the relationship between pollutant concentrations and health. Knowledge of mobile source emission factors has been continuously expanded by in-tunnel measurements and dynamometer protocols, which provide accurate data as inputs to photochemical air quality models. The spatial distribution of the mobile source emissions was constructed based on open access data related to the streets and traffic distribution. The mobile emission module was combined to the chemistry modeling and this implementation can be an example to be applied to other places that do not have a spatial distribution of this source. Forecasts of pollutant concentrations can inform public policies, including those addressing the effects of pollutants on health of the general population, and studies of the impacts of using different fuels and implementation of emissions regulations programs.

show abstract

Vehicle emissions and PM2.5 mass concentrations in six Brazilian cities

Cited by 172 publications

References 27 publications

Physical–chemical characterisation of the particulate matter inside two road tunnels in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area

Physical–chemical characterisation of the particulate matter inside two road tunnels in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area

Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment

Air quality forecasting system for Southeastern Brazil

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About