Vegetation and Soil Carbon under Various Forest Management Types: Case of Karang Sidemen Community Forest in Lombok, Eastern Indonesia

Abstract

The condition of community-managed forest areas varies according to biophysics characteristics and management activities. This study aims to investigate the condition of vegetation and soil carbon stocks of various types of forest management by the community in Karang Sidemen Village, Lombok, Indonesia. In the study area, it was found 4 types of landuse management, namely; dense forest-like vegetation (Tp1), moderate vegetation with intensive (Tp2) and less intensive (Tp3) under-stand cultivation, and sparse vegetation resembling dryland agriculture (Tp4). Vegetation condition was analyzed based on satellite derived NDVI index and field observation. Sentinel satellite images for 2015 and 2019, with a resolution of 10x10 m was used. Field data collection was carried out in August 2019. It was made 5 sample plots of 20x20 m for each management type. Vegetation data with diameter (D) ≥ 20 cm, 10 cm ≤D< 20 cm, 2 cm ≤D< 10 cm and D< 2 cm were collected from plots of 20x20 m, subplots 10x10 m, 5x5 m and 2x2 m, respectively. Soil samples were taken diagonally on a 20x20 m plot, at a depth of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm. The results showed that the NDVI derived vegetation index for 2015 and 2019 images showed different patterns for the four types of management. The number of species for Tp1, Tp2, Tp3 and Tp4 were 9, 15, 9 and 8 species, respectively. The dominant species are generally from groups of plants providing economic benefits such as avocado (Persea americana), candlenut (Aleurites moluccana), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), coffee (Coffea canephora), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) and guava (Psidium guajava). Soil carbon stocks of the four types of management at a depth of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm were18.61-21.04 tons C/ha, 16.56-20.80 tons C/ha, 29.66-34.48 tons C/ha and 27.54 - 33.66 tons C/ha, respectively. The soil carbon stock of denser vegetation is higher than that of medium and sparse vegetation. Therefore, forest management with the community needs to maintain forest-like vegetation.

Optimization of Mangrove Ecosystem Services Based on Comparison of Stand Carbon Stock Estimates in Climate Change Mitigation

“…Indonesia has various forms of forest ecosystems, one of which is mangrove forests. Mangrove forests have great potential for binding and absorbing CO2 [11,21]. The part of Indonesia that has the potential for mangrove forest ecosystems is the coastal area in East Lampung Regency, Lampung Province.…”

“…Community-based mangrove ecosystem management attracts attention because there are variations and differences in management practices. This condition has direct implications for differences in vegetation structure, vegetation diversity, and carbon stock [11].…”

“…Since the 2009 climate conference held in Copenhagen, various regulations and policies have emerged to reduce emissions as a form of response to climate change [10]. Carbon can be obtained from the biomass of living stands, the biomass of dead trees, litter, and soil [11], so that it can describe the growth conditions of tree stands and become one of the indicators of mangrove ecosystem health [7].…”

Design of a radio frequency robot for the analysis of farmlands of avocado crops in Peru

“…It should be considered that this robot has been designed taking into account the small or medium producer, since it is necessary a constant measurement of the soil. In the world there are various matrices of cultivating avocados, of 20 x 20 meters, 10 x 10 meters, 5 x 5 meters to 2 x 2 meters [34]; however, this depends on geography and climate. In Peru, the Ministry of Agriculture recommends a rectangular frame planting system, in the case of the export avocado (Hass type) plantations can be 5 meters x 4 meters for a population of 500 plants per hectare for high density plantations and 6 meters x 4 meters with a population of 417 plants per hectare for applications with atomizer machinery [10], Fig 4 shows the robots path on one hectare.…”

Determination of the Type of Multy Purpose Tree Species (MPTS) Plant Featured in the Area of Community Forest (HKm) Central Lombok

“…From the average HKm area managed of 0.614 ha, farmers earn an income of Rp 26,161,667 per year or Rp 2,180,139 per month. Based on several previous studies, the economic contribution of HKm or other social forestry is quite important for increasing household income and farmers' welfare [2,34,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48].…”