Vegetarianism and eating disorders: association between eating attitudes and other psychological factors among Turkish adolescents

Baş, Murat; Karabudak, Efsun; Kızıltan, Gül

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.02.002

Cited by 64 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Primary outcomes: depression, anxiety, and related symptoms Fourteen of the 18 studies examined depression, anxiety, and/or related symptoms (see Table 2). Independent of methodologic rigor, 7 of the 14 studies found a higher prevalence or risk in participants who avoided meat consumption (Baines, Powers, and Brown 2007;Forestell and Nezlek 2018;Hibbeln et al 2018;Lindeman 2002;Matta et al 2018;Michalak, Zhang, and Jacobi 2012;Stokes, Gordon, and DiVasta 2011), 3 studies found no group differences (Beezhold and Johnston 2012;Perry et al 2001;Timko, Hormes, and Chubski 2012), 2 studies demonstrated mixed results (e.g., higher rates in females only; Bas, Karabudak, and Kiziltan 2005;Lavallee et al 2019), and 2 of the 14 studies found a higher prevalence or risk in meatconsumers (Beezhold et al 2015; Beezhold, Johnston, and Daigle 2010; Table 2). The four most rigorous studies demonstrated that the prevalence or risk of depression and/or anxiety (or related symptoms) was significantly greater in participants who avoided meat consumption (Baines, Powers, and Brown 2007;Hibbeln et al 2018;Matta et al 2018;Michalak, Zhang, and Jacobi 2012).…”

Section: Summary Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, there is an emerging body of evidence that meat-abstention is linked to mental disorders (Perica and Dela s 2011;Young and Conquer 2005) and poorer psychological well-being (Baines, Powers, and Brown 2007;Hibbeln et al 2018;Matta et al 2018;Michalak, Zhang, and Jacobi 2012;Nezlek, Forestell, and Newman 2018;Rosenfeld 2018). Specifically, when compared to those who consume meat, vegetarians are more likely to suffer from or be diagnosed with major depression (Baines, Powers, and Brown 2007;Hibbeln et al 2018;Jacka et al 2012) and anxiety (Baines, Powers, and Brown 2007;Bas, Karabudak, and Kiziltan 2005), and are more likely to attempt self-harm (e.g., suicide) (Baines, Powers, and Brown 2007;Neumark-Sztainer et al 1997;Perry et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Meat and mental health: a systematic review of meat abstention and depression, anxiety, and related phenomena

Dobersek

Adkins

et al. 2020

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

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Objective: To examine the relation between the consumption or avoidance of meat and psychological health and well-being. Methods: A systematic search of online databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, Medline, and Cochrane Library) was conducted for primary research examining psychological health in meatconsumers and meat-abstainers. Inclusion criteria were the provision of a clear distinction between meat-consumers and meat-abstainers, and data on factors related to psychological health. Studies examining meat consumption as a continuous or multi-level variable were excluded. Summary data were compiled, and qualitative analyses of methodologic rigor were conducted. The main outcome was the disparity in the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and related conditions in meat-consumers versus meat-abstainers. Secondary outcomes included mood and self-harm behaviors. Results: Eighteen studies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria; representing 160,257 participants (85,843 females and 73,232 males) with 149,559 meat-consumers and 8584 meat-abstainers (11 to 96 years) from multiple geographic regions. Analysis of methodologic rigor revealed that the studies ranged from low to severe risk of bias with high to very low confidence in results. Eleven of the 18 studies demonstrated that meat-abstention was associated with poorer psychological health, four studies were equivocal, and three showed that meat-abstainers had better outcomes. The most rigorous studies demonstrated that the prevalence or risk of depression and/or anxiety were significantly greater in participants who avoided meat consumption. Conclusion: Studies examining the relation between the consumption or avoidance of meat and psychological health varied substantially in methodologic rigor, validity of interpretation, and confidence in results. The majority of studies, and especially the higher quality studies, showed that those who avoided meat consumption had significantly higher rates or risk of depression, anxiety, and/or self-harm behaviors. There was mixed evidence for temporal relations, but study designs and a lack of rigor precluded inferences of causal relations. Our study does not support meat avoidance as a strategy to benefit psychological health.

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Section: Summary Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meat and mental health: a systematic review of meat abstention and depression, anxiety, and related phenomena

Dobersek

Adkins

et al. 2020

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, a difference is that China has a long tradition of Buddhist vegetarianism (Kieschnick, 2005). Although Turkish cooking is by tradition low on meat (Bilgic & Yen, 2014), vegetarianism might be considered problematic; in a study among university students in Ankara (Turkey) vegetarianism was specifically associated with disordered eating attitudes and behaviors (Baş, Karabudak, & Kiziltan, 2005). As none of the Turkish participants in our survey declared to be a vegetarian (which will be revisited in our discussion below), the present analysis focuses on the Dutch natives and the Chinese migrants.…”

Section: Strategically Relevant Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Towards a reduced meat diet: Mindset and motivation of young vegetarians, low, medium and high meat-eaters

Boer¹,

Schösler

Aiking³

2017

Appetite

191

117

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This study provides insight into differences and similarities in the mindset and motivation of four dietary groups (young self-declared vegetarians, low, medium and high meat-eaters) to support the development of strategies for a general transition to a less meat-based diet. The paper highlights the value of the identity concept for our understanding of both vegetarians and meat eaters. The analysis involves a comparison of the four dietary groups focusing on the strength and the profile of their food-related motivation and their reasons for and against frequent meat eating. To check for the generalizability of the results, the analyses were performed in two samples of adults (aged 18-35) in the Netherlands (native Dutch, n = 357, and second generation Chinese Dutch, n = 350). In both samples, the vegetarians had the same level of food-related motivation as the other groups, but a different motivational profile and distinctive, taste- and animal-welfare related reasons to justify their abstinence from eating meat. The low and medium meat-eaters often considered health a reason to eat meat as well as to moderate meat eating, plus they liked to vary their meals. In these aspects they were different from both the vegetarians and the high meat-eaters. The findings are relevant for (non) governmental organizations that aim to influence dietary choices, as well as for businesses that operate in the market of meat substitutes.

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“…However, no significant differences were found in current depression symptoms (assessed with a 7-item scale) between the groups. Furthermore, vegetarians more frequently reported having been told by a physician that they had an eating disorder; (c) in another study by Neumark-Sztainer, Story, Resnick, and Blum, adolescent vegetarians reported more deviant eating behaviors, including higher rates of dieting, intentional vomiting and laxative use (all single item measures) [27]; (d) in addition, Bas, Karabudak and Kiziltan [28] found abnormal eating attitudes, low self-esteem, high social anxiety, and high trait anxiety (all assessed with psychometrically sound self-report measures) in Turkish vegetarian adolescents; (e) in a study with adolescents and young adults (age: 15–23 years) Robinson-O'Brien, Perry, Wall, Story, and Neumark-Sztainer, [29] showed that current vegetarians may be at increased risk for binge eating with loss of control (assessed with two questions), while former vegetarians may be at increased risk for extreme unhealthful weight-control behaviors (assessed by asking participants whether they showed one of the following behaviors during the past year: “took diet pills,” “made myself vomit,” “used laxatives,” and “used diuretics”).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetarian diet and mental disorders: results from a representative community survey

Michalak

Zhang

Jacobi

2012

Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act

111

105

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BackgroundThe present study investigated associations between vegetarian diet and mental disorders.MethodsParticipants were drawn from the representative sample of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey and its Mental Health Supplement (GHS-MHS). Completely vegetarian (N = 54) and predominantly vegetarian (N = 190) participants were compared with non-vegetarian participants (N = 3872) and with a non-vegetarian socio-demographically matched subsample (N = 242).ResultsVegetarians displayed elevated prevalence rates for depressive disorders, anxiety disorders and somatoform disorders. Due to the matching procedure, the findings cannot be explained by socio-demographic characteristics of vegetarians (e.g. higher rates of females, predominant residency in urban areas, high proportion of singles). The analysis of the respective ages at adoption of a vegetarian diet and onset of a mental disorder showed that the adoption of the vegetarian diet tends to follow the onset of mental disorders.ConclusionsIn Western cultures vegetarian diet is associated with an elevated risk of mental disorders. However, there was no evidence for a causal role of vegetarian diet in the etiology of mental disorders.

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Vegetarianism and eating disorders: association between eating attitudes and other psychological factors among Turkish adolescents

Cited by 64 publications

References 42 publications

Meat and mental health: a systematic review of meat abstention and depression, anxiety, and related phenomena

Meat and mental health: a systematic review of meat abstention and depression, anxiety, and related phenomena

Towards a reduced meat diet: Mindset and motivation of young vegetarians, low, medium and high meat-eaters

Vegetarian diet and mental disorders: results from a representative community survey

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