Vegetarian Diets and Blood Pressure

Yokoyama, Yoko; Nishimura, Kunihiro; Barnard, Neal D.; Takegami, Misa; Watanabe, Makoto; Sekikawa, Akira; Okamura, Tomonori; Miyamoto, Yoshihiro

doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.14547

Cited by 427 publications

(232 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Previous experiences such as fluoridation of drinking water and the prevalence of fluorosis show that despite the benefits, public health interventions or guidelines may suffer from criticism and strong lobbying against. No one wants to see practices that help lower risks for cardiovascular diseases, certain types of cancer, diabetes, gastrointestinal system issues, and agingrelated eye diseases [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] be demonized due to potential risks for the dentition. Recent reports are already suggesting that the overall increase in the prevalence of dental erosion will require largescale dental treatments for many young adults seeking to improve their appearances [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk Reverts the Effects of an Enamel Erosive but Healthy Diet

Vieira

Chung²,

Raffensperger³

et al. 2018

Pesqui. bras. odontopediatria clín. integr.

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Objective: To determine the erosive effects of popular fruits and vegetables on enamel, and the potential counter effects of milks. Material and Methods: Ten popular fruits and vegetables were individually blended in a juicer to form a fruit or vegetable juice. The labial surfaces (three for each treatment group) were then immersed for thirty minutes in a fresh juice of one of ten products: strawberry, spinach, pineapple, grapefruit, green pepper, pickle, orange, apple, tomato, and carrot. In a second experiment, human enamel was treated with Coca-Cola for 30 minutes, followed by a variety of milks: Skim, 2%, Whole, Chocolate, Lactaid, Almond, and Silk Soy. Three teeth were used for each treatments and enamel microhardness of each sample was measured at baseline, after erosive exposure, and after the 30-minute variable treatment. Results: All fruits and vegetables showed differences between the pre-and posttreatment microhardness values. For the second experiment, tested milks result in significant increases (p<0.05) in enamel microhardness. Paired-t test was used for all comparisons. A thirty-minute exposure to the juices of all fruits and vegetables examined in the study significantly changed the microhardness of enamel, with grapefruit and pickle having potentially the most erosive effect on enamel. Diets that are high in fruits and vegetables can predispose to enamel erosion. For the second experiment, filtered water, ACT fluoride rinse, and varying milks all result in remineralization of enamel. Conclusion: Eroded enamel exposed to milk demonstrated a significant greater gain of enamel microhardness as compared to filtered water.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk Reverts the Effects of an Enamel Erosive but Healthy Diet

Vieira

Chung²,

Raffensperger³

et al. 2018

Pesqui. bras. odontopediatria clín. integr.

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“…Based on growing evidence, [10][11][12][13][14][15] it has been recommended that physicians encourage patients to consume plant-based diets. 16 The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of a defined, plant-based diet as an adjunct to or replacement of prescription drugs in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and HTN in an outpatient clinical setting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A defined, plant‐based diet utilized in an outpatient cardiovascular clinic effectively treats hypercholesterolemia and hypertension and reduces medications

Najjar

Moore

Montgomery

2018

Clinical Cardiology

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BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major economic burden in the United States. CVD risk factors, particularly hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, are typically treated with drug therapy. Five‐year efficacy of such drugs to prevent CVD is estimated to be 5%. Plant‐based diets have emerged as effective mitigators of these risk factors.HypothesisThe implementation of a defined, plant‐based diet for 4 weeks in an outpatient clinical setting may mitigate CVD risk factors and reduce patient drug burden.MethodsParticipants consumed a plant‐based diet consisting of foods prepared in a defined method in accordance with a food‐classification system. Participants consumed raw fruits, vegetables, seeds, and avocado. All animal products were excluded from the diet. Participant anthropometric and hemodynamic data were obtained weekly for 4 weeks. Laboratory biomarkers were collected at baseline and at 4 weeks. Medication needs were assessed weekly. Data were analyzed using paired‐samples t tests and 1‐way repeated‐measures ANOVA.ResultsSignificant reductions were observed for systolic (−16.6 mmHg) and diastolic (−9.1 mmHg) blood pressure (P < 0.0005), serum lipids (P ≤ 0.008), and total medication usage (P < 0.0005). Other CVD risk factors, including weight (P < 0.0005), waist circumference (P < 0.0005), heart rate (P = 0.018), insulin (P < 0.0005), glycated hemoglobin (P = 0.002), and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (P = 0.001) were also reduced.ConclusionA defined, plant‐based diet can be used as an effective therapeutic strategy in the clinical setting to mitigate cardiovascular risk factors and reduce patient drug burden.

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“…Compared with an omnivorous diet, a vegetarian diet is rich in fiber, magnesium, Fe 3+ , folic acid, vitamins C and E, omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytochemicals, and antioxidants but low in cholesterol; total fat and saturated fatty acids; sodium; Fe 2+ ; zinc, vitamins A, B 12 , and D11; and especially omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. A recent meta‐analysis of 7 clinical trials and 32 observational studies showed that consumption of vegetarian diets was associated with lower blood pressure 12. An earlier meta‐analysis of 7 prospective studies that included 124 706 participants reported 29% lower mortality from ischemic heart disease (relative risk 0.71, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.87), 16% lower mortality from circulatory diseases (relative risk 0.84, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.14), and 12% lower mortality from cerebrovascular disease (relative risk 0.88, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.06) with vegetarian diets 13…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Vegetarian Diets on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Wang

Zheng

Yang

et al. 2015

JAHA

238

180

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BackgroundVegetarian diets exclude all animal flesh and are being widely adopted by an increasing number of people; however, effects on blood lipid concentrations remain unclear. This meta‐analysis aimed to quantitatively assess the overall effects of vegetarian diets on blood lipids.Methods and ResultsWe searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Library through March 2015. Studies were included if they described the effectiveness of vegetarian diets on blood lipids (total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride). Weighted mean effect sizes were calculated for net changes by using a random‐effects model. We performed subgroup and univariate meta‐regression analyses to explore sources of heterogeneity. Eleven trials were included in the meta‐analysis. Vegetarian diets significantly lowered blood concentrations of total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and non–high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the pooled estimated changes were −0.36 mmol/L (95% CI −0.55 to −0.17; P<0.001), −0.34 mmol/L (95% CI −0.57 to −0.11; P<0.001), −0.10 mmol/L (95% CI −0.14 to −0.06; P<0.001), and −0.30 mmol/L (95% CI −0.50 to −0.10; P=0.04), respectively. Vegetarian diets did not significantly affect blood triglyceride concentrations, with a pooled estimated mean difference of 0.04 mmol/L (95% CI −0.05 to 0.13; P=0.40).ConclusionsThis systematic review and meta‐analysis provides evidence that vegetarian diets effectively lower blood concentrations of total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and non–high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Such diets could be a useful nonpharmaceutical means of managing dyslipidemia, especially hypercholesterolemia.

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Vegetarian Diets and Blood Pressure

Cited by 427 publications

References 64 publications

Milk Reverts the Effects of an Enamel Erosive but Healthy Diet

Milk Reverts the Effects of an Enamel Erosive but Healthy Diet

A defined, plant‐based diet utilized in an outpatient cardiovascular clinic effectively treats hypercholesterolemia and hypertension and reduces medications

Effects of Vegetarian Diets on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

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