Vector species composition and malaria infectivity rates in Mkuzi, Muheza District, north-eastern Tanzania

Kweka, Eliningaya J.; Mahande, Aneth M; Nkya, Watoky; Assenga, C.; Lyatuu, Ester E; Nyale, E.; Mosha, Franklin W.; Mwakalinga, Stephen B; Temu, Emmanuel A.

doi:10.4314/thrb.v10i1.14341

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…arabiensis is to be found in lower Moshi [18], [19] and An. gambiae s.s in Muheza [20], [23], [24]. These experimental hut data are the first direct evidence for reduced mortality of host-seeking An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…gambiae s.s. from Zeneth, Muheza (N = 60) and 100% An arabiensis from Lower Moshi (N = 60) based on PCR identification results [18]–[20]. All specimens collected in the hut trials identified as members of the An.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…arabiensis in Moshi [18], [19] and as An. gambiae in Muheza [20] based on these PCR identification results.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Species Shifts in the Anopheles gambiae Complex: Do LLINs Successfully Control Anopheles arabiensis?

et al. 2012

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IntroductionHigh coverage of conventional and long-lasting insecticide treated nets (ITNs and LLINs) in parts of E Africa are associated with reductions in local malaria burdens. Shifts in malaria vector species ratio have coincided with the scale-up suggesting that some species are being controlled by ITNs/LLINs better than others.MethodsBetween 2005–2006 six experimental hut trials of ITNs and LLINs were conducted in parallel at two field stations in northeastern Tanzania; the first station was in Lower Moshi Rice Irrigation Zone, an area where An. arabiensis predominates, and the second was in coastal Muheza, where An. gambiae and An. funestus predominate. Five pyrethroids and one carbamate insecticide were evaluated on nets in terms of insecticide-induced mortality, blood-feeding inhibition and exiting rates.ResultsIn the experimental hut trials mortality of An. arabiensis was consistently lower than that of An. gambiae and An. funestus. The mortality rates in trials with pyrethroid-treated nets ranged from 25–52% for An. arabiensis, 63–88% for An. gambiae s.s. and 53–78% for An. funestus. All pyrethroid-treated nets provided considerable protection for the occupants, despite being deliberately holed, with blood-feeding inhibition (percentage reduction in biting rates) being consistent between species. Veranda exiting rates did not differ between species. Percentage mortality of mosquitoes tested in cone bioassays on netting was similar for An. gambiae and An. arabiensis.ConclusionsLLINs and ITNs treated with pyrethroids were more effective at killing An. gambiae and An. funestus than An. arabiensis. This could be a major contributing factor to the species shifts observed in East Africa following scale up of LLINs. With continued expansion of LLIN coverage in Africa An. arabiensis is likely to remain responsible for residual malaria transmission, and species shifts might be reported over larger areas. Supplementary control measures to LLINs may be necessary to control this vector species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Species Shifts in the Anopheles gambiae Complex: Do LLINs Successfully Control Anopheles arabiensis?

et al. 2012

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“…A previous study conducted in the same area on vector species composition also did not find An. merus [3]. In addition, four sibling species were identified within the An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Malaria and lymphatic filariasis are diseases of significant public health importance in East Africa [1–3]. Malaria is transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes, while lymphatic filariasis is transmitted by both Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes [2, 4, 5] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of physicochemical parameters on Anopheles and Culex mosquito larvae abundance in different breeding sites in a rural setting of Muheza, Tanzania

et al. 2017

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BackgroundMalaria and lymphatic filariasis (LF) are diseases of great public health important in East Africa. Malaria is transmitted by Anopheles while LF is transmitted by both Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes. There is limited evidence on the effects of physicochemical parameters on these mosquitoes in rural settings of Tanzania. This study aimed at assessing the effects of physicochemical parameters on Anopheles and Culex larvae abundance in different breeding sites in a rural setting of Muheza district. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 13 villages in Muheza district, between December 2015 and May 2016. Mosquito larvae were sampled using standard dipping techniques. Physicochemical parameters were measured by a Multi-parameter pH meter in different mosquito breeding sites. Mosquito larvae and pupa densities were compared between the ≤33th (lower) and ≥67th (upper) percentiles of physicochemical parameters. An. gambiae (s.l.) and An. funestus were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to reveal their sibling species.ResultsAbundance of Anopheles larvae was significantly higher (76.6%) than Culex (66.9%) χ 2 = 5.73, df = 1, P = 0.017). The presence of late instars of Anopheles was significantly higher (78.2%) than that of Culex (64.5%) (χ 2 = 0.984, df = 1, P = 0.017). A model adjusted for larval stage showed that the likelihood of finding Culex larvae was lower by 38.2% (95% CI: 16.9–54.1, df = 1, P = 0.001) compared to Anopheles. Upper percentiles of salinity (OR = 7.05; 95% CI: 1.19–41.88, P = 0.032) and conductivity (OR = 5.47; 95% CI: 1.01–29.67, P = 0.056) were significantly associated with the presence and with increased density of Anopheles larvae. PCR results showed that, within the gambiae complex, 53.3% (n = 136) were An. gambiae (s.s.) and 46.7% (n = 119) were An. arabiensis. In An. funestus group, 91.1% (n = 41) were An. funestus (s.s.), 4.4% (n = 2) were An. rivulorum, 2.2% (n = 1) were An. leesoni and 2.2% (n = 1) were An. parensis. ConclusionHigh salinity and conductivity were significantly associated with increased density of Anopheles larvae. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the occurrence of Anopheles larvae in polluted breeding sites in rural settings of Tanzania. The study has found both Anopheles and Culex mosquito larvae co-existed in breeding sites. The possible reasons for tolerance to a higher level of physicochemical parameters among Anopheles mosquitoes need to be ascertained.

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A first report of Anopheles funestus sibling species in western Kenya highlands

et al. 2013

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Vector species composition and malaria infectivity rates in Mkuzi, Muheza District, north-eastern Tanzania

Cited by 20 publications

References 11 publications

Species Shifts in the Anopheles gambiae Complex: Do LLINs Successfully Control Anopheles arabiensis?

Species Shifts in the Anopheles gambiae Complex: Do LLINs Successfully Control Anopheles arabiensis?

Effect of physicochemical parameters on Anopheles and Culex mosquito larvae abundance in different breeding sites in a rural setting of Muheza, Tanzania

A first report of Anopheles funestus sibling species in western Kenya highlands

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