A first report of Anopheles funestus sibling species in western Kenya highlands

Kweka, Eliningaya J.; Kamau, Luna; Munga, Stephen; Lee, Ming‐Chieh; Githeko, Andrew K.; Yan, Guiyun

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.06.006

Cited by 26 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…rivulorum and An. vaneedeni are found [ 16 – 18 ]. Malaria is a public health problem in Vihiga County with varying prevalence ranging from 20–65 % [ 16 , 19 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria vectors and their blood-meal sources in an area of high bed net ownership in the western Kenya highlands

Ndenga

Mulaya

Musaki

et al. 2016

Malar J

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BackgroundBlood-meal sources of malaria vectors affect their capacity to transmit the disease. Most efficient malaria vectors prefer human hosts. However, with increasing personal protection measures it becomes more difficult for them to find human hosts. Here recent malaria vector blood-meal sources in western Kenya highlands were investigated.MethodsAdult mosquitoes resting indoors, outdoors and exiting through windows were collected in three study areas within the western Kenya highlands from June 2011 to June 2013. A census of people, livestock and of insecticide-treated nets was done per house. Mosquito blood-meal sources were determined as human, goat, bovine or chicken using enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assays.ResultsMost (86.3 %) households possessed at least one bed net, 57.2 % had domesticated animals and 83.6 % had people sharing houses with livestock at night. Most (94.9 %) unfed malaria vectors were caught exiting through windows. Overall, 53.1 % of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto obtained blood-meals from humans, 26.5 % from goats and 18.4 % from bovines. Single blood-meal sources by An. gambiae s.s. from humans were 26.5 %, 8.2 % from bovines and 2.0 % from goats. Mixed blood-meal sources by An. gambiae s.s. identified included: 24.5 % human/goat, 10.2 % human/bovine, 8.2 % human/bovine/goat and also 8.2 % bovine/goat. One An. arabiensis mosquito obtained blood-meal only from humans.ConclusionAn unusually high frequency of animal and mixed human-animal blood meals in the major malaria vector An. gambiae s.s. was revealed in the western Kenya highlands where bed net coverage is above the WHO target. The shift in blood-meal sources from humans to livestock is most likely the vectors’ response to increased bed net coverage and the close location of livestock frequently in the same house as people at night. Livestock-targeted interventions should be considered under these circumstances to address residual malaria transmission.

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“…rivulorum and An. vaneedeni are found [ 16 – 18 ]. Malaria is a public health problem in Vihiga County with varying prevalence ranging from 20–65 % [ 16 , 19 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria vectors and their blood-meal sources in an area of high bed net ownership in the western Kenya highlands

Ndenga

Mulaya

Musaki

et al. 2016

Malar J

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“…The number of reported human infections with P. falciparum is increasing in tropical highland regions across the globe, for example, in Eastern Africa, Nepal, and Colombia . Competent malaria vectors have also recently been found at higher altitudes …”

Section: Recent Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…43 Competent malaria vectors have also recently been found at higher altitudes. 47,49,[51][52][53][54] This has serious implications for indigenous highland human populations that usually lack protective immunity and are more vulnerable to severe malaria morbidity and mortality. The extraordinary biological complexity of the malaria parasite has hindered the development of effective vaccines, even though it is well known that transmission-blocking antiparasite immune responses exist.…”

Section: Malariamentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of recent and future climate change on vector‐borne diseases

Caminade

McIntyre

Jones

2018

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

477

282

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Climate change is one of the greatest threats to human health in the 21st century. Climate directly impacts health through climatic extremes, air quality, sea-level rise, and multifaceted influences on food production systems and water resources. Climate also affects infectious diseases, which have played a significant role in human history, impacting the rise and fall of civilizations and facilitating the conquest of new territories. Our review highlights significant regional changes in vector and pathogen distribution reported in temperate, peri-Arctic, Arctic, and tropical highland regions during recent decades, changes that have been anticipated by scientists worldwide. Further future changes are likely if we fail to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Many key factors affect the spread and severity of human diseases, including mobility of people, animals, and goods; control measures in place; availability of effective drugs; quality of public health services; human behavior; and political stability and conflicts. With drug and insecticide resistance on the rise, significant funding and research efforts must to be maintained to continue the battle against existing and emerging diseases, particularly those that are vector borne.

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“…funestus s.s., Anopheles leesoni, Anopheles rivulorum, and Anopheles vaneedeni. [3][4][5][6][7][8] The main frontline malaria vector control tools are long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). 9 Insecticide resistance has emerged as an urgent threat to these tools [10][11][12] that requires alternative or complementary solutions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Activity of Sumilarv 0.5G against Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles arabiensis in Northern Tanzania

Kweka

Mahande

Msangi

et al. 2019

EASci

Self Cite

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Background: Sumilarv 0.5G (Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) is a granular insecticide developed for the control of mosquito and fly aquatic stages. The active ingredient is pyriproxyfen (4-phenoxyphenyl (RS)-2-(2 – pyridyloxy) propyl ether), a juvenile hormone analogue that acts as an insect growth regulator. Sumilarv 0.5G functions by inhibition of adult emergence from pupae. In this study, the Tropical Pesticides Research Institute in Tanzania carried out laboratory, semifield, and full-field evaluation on a new candidate of pupicide, Sumilarv 0.5G. The present study, therefore, sought to test the bioefficacy of Sumilarv 0.5G in laboratory, semifield, and full-field conditions in Mabogini, northern Tanzania. Methods: Standard World Health Organization laboratory bioefficacy evaluations of Sumilarv 0.5G and untreated microcosms were prepared and monitored for inhibition of the larvae introduced to the habitats, while field plots were monitored for 5 weeks after the introduction of Sumilarv 0.5G using manufacturer-recommended doses. Results: Sumilarv 0.5G biolarvicide was highly efficacious in its pupicidal effect, with an adult emergence inhibition rate of up to 90% in all conditions. In both laboratory and semifield experiments, the emergence inhibition was dose-dependent, with the lowest adult emergence being recorded in association with the highest Sumilarv 0.5G dose of 0.03 ppm of active ingredient. Under field conditions, the application rate recommended by the manufacturer – 5 mg ai per m2 – reduced the adult emergence rate by 90% to 96% for up to 5 weeks. Conclusion: We demonstrated the long-lasting biological activity of Sumilarv 0.5G under field conditions. Notably, the field efficacy was attained using the recommended dose of 5 mg per m2, thus making it economical to apply this product, which is capable of inhibiting mosquito productivity in natural habitats for longer periods than achieved by existing products, the efficacy of which is usually about 1 week.

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A first report of Anopheles funestus sibling species in western Kenya highlands

Cited by 26 publications

References 17 publications

Malaria vectors and their blood-meal sources in an area of high bed net ownership in the western Kenya highlands

Malaria vectors and their blood-meal sources in an area of high bed net ownership in the western Kenya highlands

Impact of recent and future climate change on vector‐borne diseases

Biological Activity of Sumilarv 0.5G against Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles arabiensis in Northern Tanzania

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