Vector Competence of<i>Musca domestica</i>(Diptera: Muscidae) for<i>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</i>: Table 1

Zurek, Ludek; Denning, S.S.; Schal, Coby; Watson, D. W.

doi:10.1603/0022-2585-38.2.333

Cited by 55 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Consequently, due to the habitat in which they develop, their feeding mechanism (regurgitation), their unrestricted movement, and their attraction to residential areas, HF can play an important role in the ecology and transmission of bacteria, including enterococci, and associated antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. It has been shown previously that HF can carry potential pathogens, such as Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (68), Helicobacter pylori (27), Campylobacter jejuni (56), Escherichia coli O157:H7 (4,53), and Salmonella spp. (40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology of Antibiotic Resistance Genes: Characterization of Enterococci from Houseflies Collected in Food Settings

Macovei

Zurek

2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

133

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In this project, enterococci from the digestive tracts of 260 houseflies (Musca domestica L.) collected from five restaurants were characterized. Houseflies frequently (97% of the flies were positive) carried enterococci (mean, 3.1 ؋ 10 3 CFU/fly). Using multiplex PCR, 205 of 355 randomly selected enterococcal isolates were identified and characterized. The majority of these isolates were Enterococcus faecalis (88.2%); in addition, 6.8% were E. faecium, and 4.9% were E. casseliflavus. E. faecalis isolates were phenotypically resistant to tetracycline (66.3%), erythromycin (23.8%), streptomycin (11.6%), ciprofloxacin (9.9%), and kanamycin (8.3%). Tetracycline resistance in E. faecalis was encoded by tet(M) (65.8%), tet(O) (1.7%), and tet(W) (0.8%). The majority (78.3%) of the erythromycin-resistant E. faecalis isolates carried erm(B). The conjugative transposon Tn916 and members of the Tn916/Tn1545 family were detected in 30.2% and 34.6% of the identified isolates, respectively. E. faecalis carried virulence genes, including a gelatinase gene (gelE; 70.7%), an aggregation substance gene (asa1; 33.2%), an enterococcus surface protein gene (esp; 8.8%), and a cytolysin gene (cylA; 8.8%). Phenotypic assays showed that 91.4% of the isolates with the gelE gene were gelatinolytic and that 46.7% of the isolates with the asa1 gene aggregated. All isolates with the cylA gene were hemolytic on human blood. This study showed that houseflies in food-handling and -serving facilities carry antibiotic-resistant and potentially virulent enterococci that have the capacity for horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes to other bacteria.Multidrug resistance in clinical isolates has become a serious problem due to a progressive decline in the number of antibiotics that are effective for treatment of human infections (38,66). It has been suggested that there is a connection between the antibiotic resistance of food animal origin, the antibiotic resistance of clinical isolates, and community health (19,50,58); however, this remains a controversial issue (43)(44)(45)61) because the ecology of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in the environment is not well understood.Insects, such as houseflies (HF) (Musca domestica L.), that develop in decaying organic material may transmit antibioticresistant bacteria from the manure of animals and other decaying organic substrates to residential settings. The habitats in which it develops (e.g., manure), its dependence on a live microbial community, its feeding mechanism (regurgitation), its attraction to human food, and its ability to fly long distances make this insect a very good candidate for dissemination of fecal bacteria, including human and animal pathogens (4, 26, 69) and possibly antibiotic-resistant strains.The ubiquity of enterococci in animal and human digestive tracts, their medical importance, their frequent multiple-antibiotic resistance, and their seemingly limitless capacity for horizontal gene transfer via numerous mobile genetic elements (24) make this bacterial g...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology of Antibiotic Resistance Genes: Characterization of Enterococci from Houseflies Collected in Food Settings

Macovei

Zurek

2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

133

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“…Tubes were mixed gently by inversion for 2 min, allowing the whole body of the fly to be in contact with the medium. Flies were then removed from the BPW medium, placed in clean 2-ml tubes, and surface disinfected as follows: they were submerged in 70% ethanol for 1 min and rinsed with sterile water, followed by submersion in 0.05% bleach for 1 min and then two rinses in sterile water (90). To verify the effectiveness of the disinfection process, 100-l aliquots of water from the last rinse were plated on Trypticase soy agar (TSA; Oxoid, Cambridge, United Kingdom) and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Surface-disinfected flies were transferred to sterile petri dishes and identified to the species level using dichotomous keys for dipteran families (29,32).…”

Section: Collection Of Fliesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Relative Risk of Cronobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes Associated with the Body Surfaces and Guts of Individual Filth Flies

Pava‐Ripoll

Pearson

Miller

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Although flies are important vectors of food-borne pathogens, there is little information to accurately assess the food-related health risk of the presence of individual flies, especially in urban areas. This study quantifies the prevalence and the relative risk of food-borne pathogens associated with the body surfaces and guts of individual wild flies. One hundred flies were collected from the dumpsters of 10 randomly selected urban restaurants. Flies were identified using taxonomic keys before being individually dissected. Cronobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes were detected using the PCR-based BAX system Q7. Positive samples were confirmed by culture on specific media and through PCR amplification and sequencing or ribotyping. Among collected flies were the housefly, Musca domestica (47%), the blowflies, Lucilia cuprina (33%) and Lucilia sericata (14%), and others (6%). Cronobacter species were detected in 14% of flies, including C. sakazakii, C. turicensis, and C. universalis, leading to the proposal of flies as a natural reservoir of this food-borne pathogen. Six percent of flies carried Salmonella enterica, including the serovars Poona, Hadar, Schwarzengrund, Senftenberg, and Brackenridge. L. monocytogenes was detected in 3% of flies. Overall, the prevalence of food-borne pathogens was three times greater in the guts than on the body surfaces of the flies. The relative risk of flies carrying any of the three pathogens was associated with the type of pathogen, the body part of the fly, and the ambient temperature. These data enhance the ability to predict the microbiological risk associated with the presence of individual flies in food and food facilities.

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“…The house fly, Musca domestica L., 1758 (Diptera, Muscidae) is a nuisance at many pig farms and can also be a vector for human and animal disease (Chavasse et al 1999;Iwasa et al 1999;Medveczky et al 1988;Zurek et al 2001). To suppress the flies, thorough cleaning routines are necessary (Meerburg et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitism of the house fly parasitoid Spalangia cameroni on Norwegian pig farms: local effect of release method

Birkemoe

Øyrehagen

2010

BioControl

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Mass release of parasitoids (Hymentoptera: Pteromalidae) is one possible control method of house flies (Musca domestica L.) on livestock farms. To improve the success of this method, however, there is a need for more detailed recommendations. In the present study, parasitism was evaluated in and around pens following release of the parasitoid Spalangia cameroni Perkins by hand and from containers. The study was conducted at conventional Norwegian pig farms with scattered breeding grounds for house flies. The experiment was carried out twice, with a total of seven trials of each release method followed by four weeks of monitoring parasitism by house fly sentinel pupae. No significant difference was found between the two release methods. Parasitism decreased with temperature (range 18-23°C) and was low on farms with few sites for the parasitoids to hide.

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Vector Competence ofMusca domestica(Diptera: Muscidae) forYersinia pseudotuberculosis: Table 1

Cited by 55 publications

References 10 publications

Ecology of Antibiotic Resistance Genes: Characterization of Enterococci from Houseflies Collected in Food Settings

Ecology of Antibiotic Resistance Genes: Characterization of Enterococci from Houseflies Collected in Food Settings

Prevalence and Relative Risk of Cronobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes Associated with the Body Surfaces and Guts of Individual Filth Flies

Parasitism of the house fly parasitoid Spalangia cameroni on Norwegian pig farms: local effect of release method

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