Vector bionomics and vectorial capacity as emergent properties of mosquito behaviors and ecology

Wu, Sean L.; C., Héctor M. Sánchez; Henry, John M.; Citron, Daniel; Zhou, Qian; Compton, Kelly; Liang, Biyonka; Verma, Amit; Cummings, Derek A. T.; Menach, Arnaud Le; Scott, Thomas W.; Wilson, Anne L.; Lindsay, Steve W.; Moyes, Catherine L.; Hancock, Penelope A.; Russell, Tanya L.; Marshall, John M.; Kiware, Samson; Reiner, Robert C.; Smith, David L.

doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007446

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The vectorial capacity of a species describes its potential to transmit a pathogen and is dependent on the ratio of mosquitoes to humans, the extrinsic incubation period of the parasite, the mosquitos’ rate of biting humans, and the survival of mosquito females [ 54 – 56 ]. SIT and SIT/IIT programs have the specific goal of reducing the vectorial capacity (together with the mosquito nuisance) via the suppression of a target population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased biting rate and decreased Wolbachia density in irradiated Aedes mosquitoes

et al. 2022

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Background Releasing considerable numbers of radiation-sterilized males is a promising strategy to suppress mosquito vectors. However, releases may also include small percentages of biting females, which translate to non-negligible numbers when releases are large. Currently, the effects of irradiation on host-seeking and host-biting behaviors have not been exhaustively investigated. Information is also lacking regarding the effects of sterilizing treatment on the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia, which is known to affect the vector competence of infected mosquitos. Methods To ascertain the effects of irradiation on females, the pupae of two Aedes albopictus strains, differing in their natural or artificial Wolbachia infection type, and Aedes aegypti—which is not infected by Wolbachia—were treated with various doses of X-rays and monitored for key fitness parameters and biting behavior over a period of 2 weeks. The effect of radiation on Wolbachia was investigated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Results Partial Aedes albopictus female sterility was achieved at 28 Gy, but the number of weekly bites more than doubled compared to that of the controls. Radiation doses of 35 and 45 Gy completely inhibited progeny production but did not significantly affect the survival or flight ability of Ae. albopictus females and caused a tripling of the number of bites per female per week (compared to untreated controls). These results were also confirmed in Ae. aegypti after treatment at 50 Gy. Wolbachia density decreased significantly in 45-Gy-irradiated females, with the greatest decreases in the early irradiation group (26 ± 2-h-old pupae). Wolbachia density also decreased as adults aged. This trend was confirmed in ovaries but not in extra-ovarian tissues. FISH analysis showed a strongly reduced Wolbachia-specific fluorescence in the ovaries of 13 ± 1-day-old females. Conclusions These results suggest that, under sterile insect technique (SIT) programs, the vector capacity of a target population could increase with the frequency of the irradiated females co-released with the sterile males due to an increased biting rate. In the context of successful suppression, the related safety issues are expected to be generally negligible, but they should be conservatively evaluated when large-scale programs relying on imperfect sexing and high overflooding release ratios are run for long periods in areas endemic for arboviral diseases. Also, the effects of irradiation on the vector competence deserve further investigation. Graphical Abstract

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased biting rate and decreased Wolbachia density in irradiated Aedes mosquitoes

et al. 2022

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“…Malaria transmission intensity is a function of both receptivity of the environment to support anopheline vector populations and the presence of malaria parasites in an area or the risk of introduction of malaria parasites [ 28 ] with most variability in local exposure to malaria due to differences in mosquito populations densities [ 29 ]. Previous work in the Solomon Islands argued that the biting rate of the dominant malaria vector, Anopheles farauti , is a better predictor of malaria receptivity than the sporozoite rate or entomological inoculation rate [ 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Getting to zero: micro-foci of malaria in the Solomon Islands requires stratified control

Russell

Grignard

Apairamo³

et al. 2021

Malar J

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Background The Solomon Islands has made significant progress in the control of malaria through vector control, access and use of improved diagnostics and therapeutic drugs. As transmission is reduced there is a need to understand variations in transmission risk at the provincial and village levels to stratify control methods. Methods A cross-sectional survey of malaria in humans was conducted in the Solomon Islands during April 2018. Nineteen villages across 4 provinces were included. The presence of Plasmodium species parasites in blood samples was detected using PCR. Results Blood samples were analysed from 1,914 participants. The prevalence of DNA of Plasmodium falciparum was 1.2 % (n = 23) and for Plasmodium vivax was 1.5 % (n = 28). 22 % (n = 5/23) of P. falciparum DNA positive participants were febrile and 17 % of P. vivax DNA positive participants (n = 5/28). The prevalence of both P. falciparum and P. vivax was extremely spatially heterogeneous. For P. falciparum, in particular, only 2 small foci of transmission were identified among 19 villages. Plasmodium falciparum infections were uniformly distributed across age groups. Insecticide-treated bed net use the night prior to the survey was reported by 63 % of participants and significantly differed by province. Conclusions Malaria transmission across the Solomon Islands has become increasingly fragmented, affecting fewer villages and provinces. The majority of infections were afebrile suggesting the need for strong active case detection with radical cure with primaquine for P. vivax. Village-level stratification of targeted interventions based on passive and active case detection data could support the progress towards a more cost-effective and successful elimination programme.

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“…Malaria transmission intensity is a function of both receptivity of the environment to support anopheline vector populations and vulnerability, the presence of malaria parasites in an area or the risk of introduction of malaria parasites [27] with most variability in local exposure to malaria due to differences in mosquito populations densities [28]. Previous work in the Solomon Islands argued that the biting rate of the dominant malaria vector, An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Getting to Zero: Micro-Foci of Malaria In the Solomon Islands Requires Stratified Control

Russell

Grignard

Apairamo

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: The Solomon Islands has made significant progress in the control of malaria through vector control, access and use of improved diagnostics and therapeutic drugs. As transmission is reduced there is a need to understand variations in transmission risk at the provincial and village levels to stratify control methods. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of malaria in humans was conducted in the Solomon Islands during April 2018. Nineteen villages across 4 provinces were included. The presence of Plasmodium species parasites in blood samples was detected using PCR. Results: Blood samples were analysed from 1,914 participants. The prevalence of DNA of P. falciparum was 1.2% (n = 23) and for P. vivax was 1.5% (n = 28). Twenty-two percent (n = 5/23) of P. falciparum DNA positive participants were febrile and 17% of P. vivax DNA positive participants (n = 5/28). The prevalence of both P. falciparum and P. vivax was extremely spatially heterogeneous. For P. falciparium, in particular, only 2 small foci of transmission were identified among 19 villages. Plasmodium infections were uniformly distributed across age groups. Insecticide-treated bed net use the night prior to the survey was reported by 63% of participants and significantly differed by province. Conclusions: Malaria transmission across the Solomon Islands has become increasingly fragmented, affecting fewer villages and provinces. The majority of infections were afebrile suggesting the need for strong active case detection with the predominance of P. vivax requiring implementation of radical cure with primaquine. Village-level stratification of targeted interventions based on passive and active case detection data could support the progress towards a more cost-effective and successful elimination program.

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Vector bionomics and vectorial capacity as emergent properties of mosquito behaviors and ecology

Cited by 23 publications

References 34 publications

Increased biting rate and decreased Wolbachia density in irradiated Aedes mosquitoes

Increased biting rate and decreased Wolbachia density in irradiated Aedes mosquitoes

Getting to zero: micro-foci of malaria in the Solomon Islands requires stratified control

Getting to Zero: Micro-Foci of Malaria In the Solomon Islands Requires Stratified Control

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