Getting to Zero: Micro-Foci of Malaria In the Solomon Islands Requires Stratified Control

Abstract

Background: The Solomon Islands has made significant progress in the control of malaria through vector control, access and use of improved diagnostics and therapeutic drugs. As transmission is reduced there is a need to understand variations in transmission risk at the provincial and village levels to stratify control methods. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of malaria in humans was conducted in the Solomon Islands during April 2018. Nineteen villages across 4 provinces were included. The presence of Plasmodium species parasites in blood samples was detected using PCR. Results: Blood samples were analysed from 1,914 participants. The prevalence of DNA of P. falciparum was 1.2% (n = 23) and for P. vivax was 1.5% (n = 28). Twenty-two percent (n = 5/23) of P. falciparum DNA positive participants were febrile and 17% of P. vivax DNA positive participants (n = 5/28). The prevalence of both P. falciparum and P. vivax was extremely spatially heterogeneous. For P. falciparium, in particular, only 2 small foci of transmission were identified among 19 villages. Plasmodium infections were uniformly distributed across age groups. Insecticide-treated bed net use the night prior to the survey was reported by 63% of participants and significantly differed by province. Conclusions: Malaria transmission across the Solomon Islands has become increasingly fragmented, affecting fewer villages and provinces. The majority of infections were afebrile suggesting the need for strong active case detection with the predominance of P. vivax requiring implementation of radical cure with primaquine. Village-level stratification of targeted interventions based on passive and active case detection data could support the progress towards a more cost-effective and successful elimination program.