Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and VIP Receptors-Elucidation of Structure and Function for Therapeutic Applications

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Neuroendocrine cells derived chemokine vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in allergic diseases

“…VIP is synthesized as a precursor molecule where VIP is encoded by the fifth exon and signal peptide of 22 amino acids by the second exon. The active VIP molecule of 28 amino acids is produced after the processing of precursor molecule [23, 24]. VIP is reported to have the helical conformation with one α-helix (residues11–26) and two β-bends (residues 2–5 and 7–10) at the N-terminus [25].…”

“…The another downstream effect of PKA activation causes inhibition of phosphorylation of downstream MAP/ERK kinase(MEK) KINASE 1 (MEKK1) that leads to inhibitor of MEKK3/6/P38 pathway that subsequently prevents the another NF-κB co factor known as TATA box binding protein (TBP) minimizing the affinity for DNA and inhibit NFkB pathway [54]. In addition, this pathway also blocks the IFN-γ induced inflammatory response by inhibiting phosphorylation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway [23]. …”

Peptide-based imaging agents for cancer detection

“…Selected peptides generally have high affinities and specificities for their receptors and are active at concentration down to nanomolar level, therefore, resulting in desirable target-to-non-target ratios. An increasing number of peptides, such as somatostatin (SST) peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide, and bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (BBN/GRP), have been successfully characterized for tumor receptor imaging [13–17]. …”

Salivary VIP concentrations are elevated in humans after acute stress

“…VIP is a member of a group of regulatory peptides that include secretin and glucagon among others. VIP/Ach containing nerves are found at high concentrations in the adrenal glands, salivary glands and pancreas (Igarashi et al, 2011). VIP is involved in vasodilation and, therefore, it has a function in counteracting the vasoconstrictive effects of the sympathetic response (Igarashi et al, 2011;Lundberg et al, 1980).…”

“…VIP/Ach containing nerves are found at high concentrations in the adrenal glands, salivary glands and pancreas (Igarashi et al, 2011). VIP is involved in vasodilation and, therefore, it has a function in counteracting the vasoconstrictive effects of the sympathetic response (Igarashi et al, 2011;Lundberg et al, 1980). There is also evidence which suggests that VIP may play a role in the regulation of the HPA-axis (Nussdorfer et al, 1998).…”