Vascular Malformations and Tumors: A Review of Classification and Imaging Features for Cardiothoracic Radiologists

Successful treatment by coil embolization for pediatric brachial arteriovenous fistula: A case report

“…According to the classification system of the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA), both conditions are defined as high-flow vascular lesions that shunt arterial blood directly to one or more drainage veins without an intervening capillary bed [ 12 ]. AVMs are characterized by the presence of a vascular nidus, and most are believed to be congenital; by contrast, AVFs are direct communication between an artery and a vein, and they are often acquired [ 6 , 13 ]. According to another classification system for the trunk and extremity AVMs proposed by Cho et al , an AVF with 1 to 3 arteries that shunt to a single vein is defined as type 1 AVM based on the angiographic morphology; this classification system has been used by interventional radiologists to guide therapy and to compare treatment outcomes [ 14 ].…”

“…The most common presenting symptom is a palpable lump with a pulsatile thrill, especially in patients with longstanding diseases [ 1 , 2 ]. Accurate diagnosis and localization of the fistulous point are important, and differential diagnosis with other vascular lesions, such as arteriovenous malformation (AVM) or hemangioma, is critical because the treatment methods and potential complications differ between these entities [ 6 , 7 ]. Conventionally, AVFs of the upper limbs are treated with surgical ligation, but endovascular embolization is also feasible in selected cases and is being increasingly performed to treat peripheral AVFs [ 2 , 4 , 8 ].…”