Sociologists have long recognized that cultural differences help explain the perpetuation of inequality by invisibly limiting access to elite cultural norms. However, there has been little investigation of the ways students reconcile shifts in habitus gained in educational settings with existing, nonelite habitus. The authors use both qualitative and quantitative data to examine the ways students navigate what Bourdieu called a ''cleft habitus.'' In particular, the authors examine how students of low socioeconomic status experience contacts with their families and hometown friends, arguing that these moments are crucial to understanding whether and how their habitus is changing and whether that change creates a divide between those students and their origins. Interview and survey data both show that social mobility does not come without sacrifice and that these sacrifices warrant more serious study in the sociology of stratification.Keywords college, habitus, higher education, mobility, socioeconomic status Social mobility through higher education is as much the process of learning elite mannerisms, behaviors, and ''rules of the game'' as it is the process of gaining credentials, knowledge, or wealth. Scholars of mobility have documented the inherent clash between elite and nonelite ways of being that arises during that process, typically focusing on how upwardly mobile students fare on campus (e.g.,

This article examines class as a potential source of stigma faculty members from low-socioeconomic-status (low-SES) backgrounds. Based on 47 interviews with demographically diverse respondents at a wide range of institutions, the article examines respondents’ narratives of direct and indirect stigmatization around class as well as respondents’ efforts at managing these potential stigmas. I find that respondents describe primarily indirect stigmas in which low-SES experiences and concerns are minimized, covered over, or excluded in favor of a normative presentation of middle-class status and experiences. I show the ways that respondents use emotion work to manage both their own responses and the anticipated responses of their colleagues when challenging normative narratives of middle-class homogeneity.

ABSTRACT:Preconditioning with hypoxia and hypoxia-mimetic compounds cobalt chloride (CoCl 2 ) and desferrioxamine (DFX) protects against hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury in neonatal rat brain. We examined long-term functional and protective actions of preconditioning induced by hypoxia, CoCl 2 and DFX in a neonatal rat model of HI. Postnatal day six rat pups were exposed to preconditioning with hypoxia (8% oxygen) or injections of CoCl 2 , DFX or saline vehicle and 24 h later rats underwent HI or sham surgery. Behavioral tests were performed and at the conclusion of experiments, brains removed for morphologic analyses. HI resulted in a large unilateral lesion in the ipsilateral hemisphere compared with sham control rats. All preconditioning treatments significantly reduced the total lesion volume. Behavioral deficits were observed in HI rats compared with sham controls. The reduction in forelimb grasping strength in HI rats was attenuated by preconditioning with hypoxia, CoCl 2 and DFX. HI increased the number of foot faults in a grid-walking test and resulted in forelimb asymmetry in the cylinder test. Only preconditioning with hypoxia reversed all three functional deficits after HI. These findings indicate that preconditioning, especially when induced by hypoxia, has the potential to minimize the morphologic and functional effects of neonatal HI injury. (Pediatr Res 63: 620-624, 2008)

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