Variation of the face in rest using 3D stereophotogrammetry

Maal, T.J.J.; Verhamme, Luc; Loon, B. van; Plooij, J.M.; Rangel, Frits A.; Kho, Anthony.; Bronkhorst, Ewald M.; Bergé, Stefaan

doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2011.02.033

Cited by 67 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…The forehead, which is not expected to change, appears to be the region most commonly preferred for alignment in the studies on facial 3D images. 10,20 Similarly, the alignment was performed on the forehead in this study. Literature contains multiple opinions on the tissue midsagittal plane to be taken as a reference.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three-dimensional evaluation of social smile symmetry

Duran

Di̇ndaroğlu

Görgülü

2016

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objective: To evaluate the social smile symmetry using three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetric images. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with 3D facial images of 30 individuals (age range 13-25 years). The rest position was considered as the reference image and the social smile image was aligned on this image using the best-fit alignment method. The spatial differences between the same points established on both images using 3D analyses were determined for right and left points in X, Y, and Z planes. Results: The highest difference related to spatial distance in right and left points was À0.56 mm (95% confidence interval [CI], À1.19, 0.06 mm) between right and left commissure (Com) points. The difference was not significant, and the Bland-Altman upper and lower limits were À3.85 mm and 2.71 mm, respectively. The highest difference for the transversal plane was found in Com points, similarly to the spatial distance (mean: 0.50 mm, 95% CI, À2.62, 1.02 mm). The differences between the changes in the left and right points in the Y and Z plane were not significant (P . .05). Conclusions: The social smile was observed to show asymmetry in varying amounts in the different directions. Asymmetry increases in some cases, specifically for the corners of the mouth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rest position was achieved in natural head position, and the lips were in a relaxed position in front of the mirror. 10 Social smiles of the participants were acquired by the same investigator, who gave the command ''Give me a nice big smile like the people in the photographs'' to the participants. 11 …”

Section: Acquisition Of 3d Stereophotogrammetric Imagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional evaluation of social smile symmetry

Duran

Di̇ndaroğlu

Görgülü

2016

The Angle Orthodontist

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“…A widely used method for the uniform orientation of different yet still similar surfaces is the socalled 'best-fit' approach. 12 The resulting orientation can be found at the position where the minimal distance amongst the points is calculated. Registration is achieved easily using stable structures, which are usually found on the skeleton, e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…the cranial base, which makes only radiation methods appropriate. However, 3D surface scans alone have also shown stable references in the forehead and nose area, 12 with precaution regarding those factors that can substantially influence facial soft tissue contours such as growth, body mass index (BMI), and long-term morphological changes (ageing). If we are unable to capture underlying hard tissues, we cannot use the anterior cranial base for registration, which is a widely accepted and evaluated method for comparing two faces, both in two-dimensional (2D) cephalogrammetry and CT. 8,13 Regardless of this obvious shortcoming, a 3D non-invasive captured image has many benefits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in three-dimensional soft tissue changes after upper, lower, or both jaw orthognathic surgery in skeletal class III patients

Verdenik

Hren

2014

International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

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“…20 The most reliable regions were suggested as the forehead and the nose for the alignment of different surfaces with a surface-based registration method. 21 The smile area, determined as shown in Figure 3, was segmented to permit analysis of the changes only at this site ( Figure 5A-D).…”

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confidence: 99%

Social smile reproducibility using 3-D stereophotogrammetry and reverse engineering technology

Di̇ndaroğlu

Duran

Görgülü

et al. 2016

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objective: To assess the range of social smile reproducibility using 3-D stereophotogrammetry and reverse engineering technology. Materials and Methods: Social smile images of white adolescents (N 5 15, mean age 5 15.4 61.5 years; range 5 14-17 years) were obtained using 3dMDFlex (3dMD, Atlanta, Ga). Each participant was asked to produce 16 social smiles at 3-minute intervals. All images were obtained in natural head position. Alignment of images, segmentation of smile area, and 3-D deviation analysis were carried out using Geomagic Control software (3D Systems Inc, Cary, NC). A single image was taken as a reference, and the remaining 15 images were compared with the reference image to evaluate positive and negative deviations. The differences between the mean deviation limits of participants with the highest and the lowest deviations and the total mean deviations were evaluated using BlandAltman Plots. Results: Minimum and maximum deviations of a single image from the reference image were 0.34 and 2.69 mm, respectively. Lowest deviation between two images was within 0.5 mm and 1.54 mm among all participants (mean, 0.96 6 0.21 mm), and the highest deviation was between 0.41 mm and 2.69 mm (mean, 1.53 6 0.46 mm). For a single patient, when all alignments were considered together, the mean deviation was between 0.32 6 0.10 mm and 0.59 6 0.24 mm. Mean deviation for one image was between 0.14 and 1.21 mm. Conclusions: The range of reproducibility of the social smile presented individual variability, but this variation was not clinically significant or detectable under routine clinical observation. (Angle Orthod. 2016;86:448-455.)

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Variation of the face in rest using 3D stereophotogrammetry

Cited by 67 publications

References 23 publications

Three-dimensional evaluation of social smile symmetry

Three-dimensional evaluation of social smile symmetry

Differences in three-dimensional soft tissue changes after upper, lower, or both jaw orthognathic surgery in skeletal class III patients

Social smile reproducibility using 3-D stereophotogrammetry and reverse engineering technology

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