Variation of mating systems of introduced sika deer

Bartoš, Luděk; Herrmann, H.; Siler, Jiri; Losos, Sobeslav

doi:10.3406/revec.1998.2267

revec

1998

DOI: 10.3406/revec.1998.2267

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Variation of mating systems of introduced sika deer

Luděk Bartoš¹,

H. Herrmann²,

Jiri Siler³

et al.

Abstract: The mating system of feral Sika deer (Cervus nippon) in the Manětín Forest (220 km2), Czech Republic, was studied from 1989 to 1993. The Sika were strictly nocturnal due to hunting pressure and continuous human harassment during daylight. We therefore monitored rutting activity by triangulating male Sika calls recorded from different sites, and also by counting Sika in open areas using a spot light. In all seasons, calling activity was unequally distributed over the area, usually concentrated in fields close t… Show more

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Cited by 2 publications

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Intraspecific variation in biology and ecology of deer: magnitude and causation

Putman¹,

Flueck

2011

Anim. Prod. Sci.

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It has been noted that the search for patterns in biology to assist our understanding, often leads to over-simplification. That is, we are satisfied with statements that ‘the species as a rule does this’ or, ‘males of this species do that’. But within such generalisations are masked what are often important variations from that supposed norm and in practice there is tremendous variation in morphology, physiology, social organisation and behaviour of any one species. The focus on a supposedly mean optimal phenotype has diverted attention away from variation around that mean, which is regularly regarded as a kind of ‘noise’ stemming merely from stochastic effects, and thus irrelevant to evolution. Yet it is becoming increasingly clear that this variation is by converse extremely significant and of tremendous importance both to evolutionary biologists and to managers. Such intraspecific variation (IV) may be directly due to underlying genetic differences between individuals or populations within a species, but equally may include a degree of phenotypic plasticity whether as ‘non-labile’, traits which are expressed once in an individual’s lifetime, as fixed characteristics inherited from the parents or as more labile traits which are expressed repeatedly and reversibly in a mature individual according to prevailing conditions. Recognition of the extraordinary degree of IV which may be recorded within species has important consequences for management of cervids and conservation of threatened species. We review the extent of IV in diet, in morphology, mature bodyweight, reproductive physiology, in population demography and structure (sex ratio, fecundity, frequency of reproduction) before also reviewing the striking variation to be observed in behaviour: differences between individuals or populations in ranging behaviour, migratory tendency, differences in social and sexual organisation. In each case we explore the factors which may underlie the variation observed, considering the extent to which variation described has a primarily genetic basis or is a more plastic response to more immediate social and ecological cues.

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Intraspecific variation in biology and ecology of deer: magnitude and causation

Putman¹,

Flueck

2011

Anim. Prod. Sci.

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Impact of interspecific relations between native red deer (Cervus elaphus) and introduced sika deer (Cervus nippon) on their rutting season in the Doupovské hory Mts.

et al. 2014

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ABSTRACT:The behaviour of sika and red deer during the rutting season is highly variable in relation to vocalization, habitat preference during the rut, and onset and termination of rutting. The red deer is a native species in Central Europe, but the areas where it lives in sympatry with the introduced sika deer have been increasing in the last three decades. Such situation can be found in the Doupovské hory Mts., where sika deer has been intensively spreading. Hybridization between the two species and changes in behaviour are the most important problems. In this study we prove the shift in the rutting period shown by both species. To evaluate the shift in the rutting season, we used a very extensive long-term data set on deer shot within the Military Training Area. These changes occur very slowly, however, and are very difficult to monitor and evaluate in the wild. Based on our results, the timing of the rutting season has converged at the mean rate of 0.62 day per year (rutting season starts later in the red deer and earlier in the sika deer).Keywords: shooting date; population density; military area; game management JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE, 60, 2014 (7): 272-280The timing and synchronization of the rut and subsequent period of producing offspring are fundamental determinants of reproduction in seasonal environments (Loe et al. 2005). This phenomenon is most frequently related to the timing of vegetation growth after winter. Synchronization of the rut and birth of the young are usually studied in connection with climate changes (Walther et al. 2002;Coulson 2003;Loe et al. 2005) or female body condition (Stevenson, Bryant 2000). The influence of climate changes on biodiversity and the related influences on phenology and life history traits are generally known (Plard et al. 2014). Animals living at higher elevations or latitudes and species with high plasticity also frequently exhibit adaptations of life history in relation to breeding phenology. Animals living in northern areas or at higher elevations usually have a more synchronized breeding season than do individuals of the same species living at lower elevations or closer to the equator (Loe et al. 2005). In this study we focussed on the timing of rutting season in the red deer (Cervus elaphus). Its breeding phenology is dependent on climate conditions. For example, the rut in Europe begins in the west and subsequently shifts towards the east, which is usually explained in relation to the continental climate of the eastern areas. The dependence of the onset of the rut on climate conditions has been demonstrated by Coulson et al. (2003) when in a red deer population on the Isle of Rum, Scotland, a 10-day shift in the onset of the rut occurred in connection with global warming over the period of 30 years. Nowadays the rut in this population begins earlier than in the past. When comparing breeding phenology of deer in France and Norway, Loe et al. (2005) concluded that temperature and the related spring onset of vegetation growth were essential for the timing...

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Variation of mating systems of introduced sika deer

Cited by 2 publications

References 8 publications

Intraspecific variation in biology and ecology of deer: magnitude and causation

Intraspecific variation in biology and ecology of deer: magnitude and causation

Impact of interspecific relations between native red deer (Cervus elaphus) and introduced sika deer (Cervus nippon) on their rutting season in the Doupovské hory Mts.

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