Variation of major neutral oligosaccharides levels in human colostrum

Asakuma, Shinichiro; Urashima, Tadasu; Akahori, M; Obayashi, Hiroshi; Nakamura, Tadashi; Kimura, Kazumasa; Watanabe, Yoko; Arai, Ikichi; Sanai, Y

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602738

Cited by 137 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…and Gal(b1 -3)GlcNAc(b1 -3)Gal(b1 -4)Glc (lacto-Ntetraose (LNT)) constitute from one-quarter to one-third of the total HMOs (Asakuma et al, 2008).…”

Section: Evolution Of Milk Oligosaccharides and Lactosementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of milk oligosaccharides and lactose: a hypothesis

Urashima

Fukuda

Messer

2012

Animal

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Mammalian milk or colostrum contains up to 10% of carbohydrate, of which free lactose usually constitutes more than 80%. Lactose is synthesized within lactating mammary glands from uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-Gal) and glucose by a transgalactosylation catalysed by a complex of b4-galactosyltransferase and a-lactalbumin (a-LA). a-LA is believed to have evolved from C-type lysozyme. Mammalian milk or colostrum usually contains a variety of oligosaccharides in addition to free lactose. Each oligosaccharide has a lactose unit at its reducing end; this unit acts as a precursor that is essential for its biosynthesis. It is generally believed that milk oligosaccharides act as prebiotics and also as receptor analogues that act as anti-infection factors. We propose the following hypothesis. The proto-lacteal secretions of the primitive mammary glands of the common ancestor of mammals contained fat and protein including lysozyme, but no lactose or oligosaccharides because of the absence of a-LA. When a-LA first appeared as a result of its evolution from lysozyme, its content within the lactating mammary glands was low and lactose was therefore synthesized at a slow rate. Because of the presence of glycosyltransferases, almost all of the nascent lactose was utilized for the biosynthesis of oligosaccharides. The predominant saccharides in the proto-lacteal secretions or primitive milk produced by this common ancestor were therefore oligosaccharides rather than free lactose. Subsequent to this initial period, the oligosaccharides began to serve as anti-infection factors. They were then recruited as a significant energy source for the neonate, which was achieved by an increase in the synthesis of a-LA. This produced a concomitant increase in the concentration of lactose in the milk, and lactose therefore became an important energy source for most eutherians, whereas oligosaccharides continued to serve mainly as anti-microbial agents. Lactose, in addition, began to act as an osmoregulatory molecule, controlling the milk volume. Studies on the chemical structures of the milk oligosaccharides of a variety of mammalian species suggest that human milk or colostrum is unique in that oligosaccharides containing lacto-N-biose I (LNB) (Gal(b1 -3)GlcNAc, type I) predominate over those containing N-acetyllactosamine (Gal(b1 -4)GlcNAc, type II), whereas in other species only type II oligosaccharides are found or else they predominate over type I oligosaccharides. It can be hypothesized that this feature may have a selective advantage in that it may promote the growth of beneficial colonic bacteria, Bifidobacteria, in the human infant colon.Keywords: lactose, milk oligosaccharides, a-lactalbumin, lysozyme, lactation, prebiotics, bifidobacteria Implications Eutherian mammals' milk or colostrum usually contains small amounts of oligosaccharides and lactose, the dominant carbohydrate. Lactose acts as a main energy source for neonates, whereas milk oligosaccharides are believed to act as prebiotics that stimulate the growth of benefici...

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“…and Gal(b1 -3)GlcNAc(b1 -3)Gal(b1 -4)Glc (lacto-Ntetraose (LNT)) constitute from one-quarter to one-third of the total HMOs (Asakuma et al, 2008).…”

Section: Evolution Of Milk Oligosaccharides and Lactosementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of milk oligosaccharides and lactose: a hypothesis

Urashima

Fukuda

Messer

2012

Animal

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“…2 fucosyllactose (2 FL), 3 fucosyllactose (3 FL), Lacto N tetraose (LNT), Lacto N fucopentaose I (LNFP I), Sialyllacto N tetraose (LSTc), 3 sialyllactose (3 SL) and 6 sialyllactose (6 SL) were purchased from Dextra Laboratories (England). 4 Galactosyllactose (4 GL) and 6 galactosyllactose (6 GL) were obtained from Dr. Tadashi Nakamura (Obihiro University); their purities were checked by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after pyridylamination prior to the successive study 29) and were found to be 83.8 and 71.8% pure, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human colostrum samples were collected in Keiai Hospital from twenty four healthy mothers during the first 3 days of lactation, as previously described. 29) We obtained informed consent from all the donors to use their samples, using the protocol approved by Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The composition of all nHMO fractions was examined using HPLC after derivatization with 1 phenyl 3metyl 5pyra-zolon and 2 aminopyridine in order to confirm. 29) GO was separated from lactose, and the presence of each component was monitored as described previously for Oligomate 55 (Yakult Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd.). To this end, Oligomate 55 was diluted with water, followed by freeze drying, and 100 mg was applied to a Bio Gel P 2 extrafine column, to remove all traces of lactose.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to our previous studies, 29) the major components of HMO in colostrum are 2 FL, LNT and LNFP I. Their percentages are about 20, 15 and 20%, respectively.…”

Section: The Effects Of Nhmo or Go Administration On Gene Expression mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression of Toll-like Receptor 2 and 4, and of MD2 in the Intestinal Cell Line HT-29

朝隈¹,

横山²,

木村³

et al. 2010

J. Appl. Glycosci.

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The human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) fraction is the third largest solid component in milk colostrum, after lactose and lipids. The maximum concentration of HMO is observed in colostrum (more than 20 g L), while after about two weeks of lactation, this falls to about 12 14 g L in milk. 1) It is thought that human milk has a high content of neutral oligosaccharides, especially fucosyloligosaccharides. 2,3) Several studies on HMO have suggested that most of these substances remain undigested in the small intestine, 4 7) and thus reach the colon where they stimulate the growth of colonic microorganisms beneficial to human health, specifically bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. 8 11) The colonic microflora of the breast fed infant contains more than 90% bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, 12) whereas formula fed infants are more often colonized by Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile or Bacteroides. 13) In addition, other functions have been attributed to HMO, including serving as a component of innate immunity by preventing the attachment of potential pathogens to the intestinal tract. 14) For example, some mainly fucosylated HMOs have been found to act as receptor homologs, inhibiting the binding of pathogens, such as enteropathogenic E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella fyris, to their host receptors. 15 18) A direct effect of HMOs or commercially available prebiotic oligosaccharides on the intestinal innate immune system has not, however, as yet been demonstrated. It has recently been reported that the feeding of prebiotic oligosaccharides (arabino galactan, short chain fructo oligosaccharide, iso malto dextrins, etc.) together with bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium bifidum and B. longum subsp. infantis) has effects that may alter the course of rotavirus disease in BALB c mice. 19) This suggests that these prebiotic saccharides not only promote the growth of colonic bifidobacteria, but also act as a direct regulator of the intestinal innate immune system.All microorganisms contain distinct structures or microbe associated molecular patterns that are recognized via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). It is well known that an important class of PRRs is TLRs. The TLRs, TLR

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Milk Carbohydrates and Oligosaccharides

Crisà¹

2013

Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition

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Variation of major neutral oligosaccharides levels in human colostrum

Cited by 137 publications

References 36 publications

Evolution of milk oligosaccharides and lactose: a hypothesis

Evolution of milk oligosaccharides and lactose: a hypothesis

Effect of Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression of Toll-like Receptor 2 and 4, and of MD2 in the Intestinal Cell Line HT-29

Milk Carbohydrates and Oligosaccharides

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