Variation of energy and carbon fluxes from a restored temperate freshwater wetland and implications for carbon market verification protocols

Anderson, Frank E.; Bergamaschi, Brian A.; Sturtevant, Cove; Knox, Sara; Hastings, Lauren; Windham‐Myers, Lisamarie; Detto, Matteo; Hestir, Erin L.; Drexler, Judith Z.; Miller, Robin L.; Matthes, Jaclyn Hatala; Verfaillie, Joseph; Baldocchi, Dennis; Snyder, Richard L.; Fujii, Roger

doi:10.1002/2015jg003083

Cited by 52 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…The annual CH 4 emissions were 17 ± 1.0 g CH 4 -C m −2 yr −1 , which is lower than values reported for other restored wetlands (Anderson et al, 2016;Hendriks et al, 2007;Knox et al, 2015;Mitsch et al, 2010). CH 4 emissions in the summer were 60 times stronger than in the winter.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 38%

“…The annual CH 4 flux in this study area was lower than CH 4 fluxes reported for other restored wetlands (Anderson et al, 2016;Hendriks et al, 2007;Knox et al, 2015;Mitsch et al, 2010). Despite the study area being flooded for most of the study year, CH 4 emissions were closer to fluxes measured over drained peatlands SchrierUijl et al, 2010).…”

Section: Ch 4 Exchange 441 Annual and Seasonal Ch 4 Budgetsmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…the growing season. There are few studies that measured continuously and year-round fluxes (Anderson et al, 2016;Järveoja et al, 2016;Knox et al, 2015;Richards and Craft, 2015;Strack and Zuback, 2013), relying instead on sporadic, or repeating, chamber measurements, which are difficult to upscale to annual totals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Annual greenhouse gas budget for a bog ecosystem undergoing restoration by rewetting

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Many peatlands have been drained and harvested for peat mining, agriculture, and other purposes, which has turned them from carbon (C) sinks into C emitters. Rewetting of disturbed peatlands facilitates their ecological recovery and may help them revert to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) sinks. However, rewetting may also cause substantial emissions of the more potent greenhouse gas (GHG) methane (CH 4 ). Our knowledge of the exchange of CO 2 and CH 4 following rewetting during restoration of disturbed peatlands is currently limited. This study quantifies annual fluxes of CO 2 and CH 4 in a disturbed and rewetted area located in the Burns Bog Ecological Conservancy Area in Delta, BC, Canada. Burns Bog is recognized as the largest raised bog ecosystem on North America's west coast. Burns Bog was substantially reduced in size and degraded by peat mining and agriculture. Since 2005, the bog has been declared a conservancy area, with restoration efforts focusing on rewetting disturbed ecosystems to recover Sphagnum and suppress fires. Using the eddy covariance (EC) technique, we measured year-round (16 June 2015 to 15 June 2016) turbulent fluxes of CO 2 and CH 4 from a tower platform in an area rewetted for the last 8 years. The study area, dominated by sedges and Sphagnum, experienced a varying water table position that ranged between 7.7 (inundation) and −26.5 cm from the surface during the study year. The annual CO 2 budget of the rewetted area was −179 ± 26.2 g CO 2 -C m −2 yr −1 (CO 2 sink) and the annual CH 4 budget was 17 ± 1.0 g CH 4 -C m −2 yr −1 (CH 4 source). Gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) exceeded ecosystem respiration (R e ) during summer months (June-August), causing a net CO 2 uptake. In summer, high CH 4 emissions (121 mg CH 4 -C m −2 day −1 ) were measured. In winter (December-February), while roughly equal magnitudes of GEP and R e made the study area CO 2 neutral, very low CH 4 emissions (9 mg CH 4 -C m −2 day −1 ) were observed. The key environmental factors controlling the seasonality of these exchanges were downwelling photosynthetically active radiation and 5 cm soil temperature. It appears that the high water table caused by ditch blocking suppressed R e . With low temperatures in winter, CH 4 emissions were more suppressed than R e . Annual net GHG flux from CO 2 and CH 4 expressed in terms of CO 2 equivalents (CO 2 eq.) during the study period totalled −22 ± 103.1 g CO 2 eq. m −2 yr −1 (net CO 2 eq. sink) and 1248 ± 147.6 g CO 2 eq. m −2 yr −1 (net CO 2 eq. source) by using 100-and 20-year global warming potential values, respectively. Consequently, the ecosystem was almost CO 2 eq. neutral during the study period expressed on a 100-year time horizon but was a significant CO 2 eq. source on a 20-year time horizon.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 38%

Section: Ch 4 Exchange 441 Annual and Seasonal Ch 4 Budgetsmentioning

confidence: 58%

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Annual greenhouse gas budget for a bog ecosystem undergoing restoration by rewetting

et al. 2017

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“…Several studies focused on wetlands CH4 emissions and emissions reduction (Anderson et al 2016;Knox et al 2015), and on wetland CH 4 production and transport (Poindexer et al 2016). GHG fluxes have been quantified for Delta crops, including corn (Pellerin et al 2013;Knox et al 2015;Yang and Silver 2016), pasture Hatala et al 2012), and rice (Hatala et al 2012;Matthes et al 2015;Knox et al 2016;Ye et al 2016;Morris et al 2017).…”

Section: Implications For Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions and Econmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GHG fluxes have been quantified for Delta crops, including corn (Pellerin et al 2013;Knox et al 2015;Yang and Silver 2016), pasture Hatala et al 2012), and rice (Hatala et al 2012;Matthes et al 2015;Knox et al 2016;Ye et al 2016;Morris et al 2017). Monitoring of ecosystemscale CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes using the eddy covariance technique (Baldocchi 2014) demonstrated that GHG fluxes in wetlands vary among years and age Anderson et al 2016), and are affected by water-and land-management practices (Miller 2011;Oikawa et al 2017), and vegetation cover (McNicol et al 2017). Recent research focused on modelling GHG dynamics of restored wetlands in the Delta ) and the use of remote sensing (Mathes et al 2017).…”

Section: Implications For Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions and Econmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions and Economics of a Changing Agricultural Mosaic in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta

Deverel¹,

Jacobs²,

Lucero³

et al. 2017

SFEWS

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We quantified the greenhouse-gas (GHG) emission and economic implications of alternative crop and wetland mosaics on a Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta island: Staten Island. Using existing GHG fluxes measurements for the Delta and biogeochemical models, we estimated GHG emissions for a range of scenarios, including the status quo, modified groundwater management, and incorporating rice and managed wetlands. For current land uses, emissions were predicted to vary greatly (48,000 to 105,000 t CO 2 -e yr -1 ) with varying groundwater depth. GHG emissions were highest when water depth was 120 cm, the typical depth for a Delta island, and lowest if water table depth was shallowest (60 cm). In the alternate land-use scenarios, we simulated wetlands and rice cultivation in areas of highest organic-matter soils, greatest subsidence, and GHG emissions. For each scenario, we analyzed economic implications for the land-owner by determining profit changes relative to the status quo. We spatially assigned areas for rice and wetlands, and then allowed the Delta Agricultural Production (DAP) model to optimize the allocation of other crops to maximize profit. The scenario that included wetlands decreased profits 79% relative to the status quo but reduced GHG emissions by 43,000 t CO 2 -e yr -1 (57% reduction). When mixtures of rice and wetlands were introduced, farm profits decreased 16%, and the GHG emission reduction was 33,000 t CO 2 -e yr -1 (44% reduction). When rice was cultivated on 38% of the island, profit increased 12% and emissions were 22,000 t CO 2 -e yr -1 lower than baseline emissions (30% reduction). Conversion to a mosaic of wetlands and crops including rice could substantially reduce overall GHG emissions of cultivated lands in the Delta without greatly affecting profitability.

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Component greenhouse gas fluxes and radiative balance from two deltaic marshes in Louisiana: Pairing chamber techniques and eddy covariance

Krauss

Holm²,

Perez³

et al. 2016

JGR Biogeosciences

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Neubauer, Scott C.; and Raynie, Richard C., "Component greenhouse gas fluxes and radiative balance from two deltaic marshes in Louisiana: Pairing chamber techniques and eddy covariance" (2016 Abstract Coastal marshes take up atmospheric CO 2 while emitting CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O. This ability to sequester carbon (C) is much greater for wetlands on a per area basis than from most ecosystems, facilitating scientific, political, and economic interest in their value as greenhouse gas sinks. However, the greenhouse gas balance of Gulf of Mexico wetlands is particularly understudied. We describe the net ecosystem exchange (NEE c ) of CO 2 and CH 4 using eddy covariance (EC) in comparison with fluxes of CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O using chambers from brackish and freshwater marshes in Louisiana, USA. From EC, we found that 182 g C m À2 yr À1 was lost through NEE c from the brackish marsh. Of this, 11 g C m À2 yr À1 resulted from net CH 4 emissions and the remaining 171 g C m À2 yr À1 resulted from net CO 2 emissions. In contrast, À290 g C m 2 yr À1 was taken up through NEE c by the freshwater marsh, with 47 g C m À2 yr À1 emitted as CH 4 and À337 g C m À2 yr À1 taken up as CO 2 . From chambers, we discovered that neither site had large fluxes of N 2 O. Sustained-flux greenhouse gas accounting metrics indicated that both marshes had a positive (warming) radiative balance, with the brackish marsh having a substantially greater warming effect than the freshwater marsh. That net respiratory emissions of CO 2 and CH 4 as estimated through chamber techniques were 2-4 times different from emissions estimated through EC requires additional understanding of the artifacts created by different spatial and temporal sampling footprints between techniques.

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Variation of energy and carbon fluxes from a restored temperate freshwater wetland and implications for carbon market verification protocols

Cited by 52 publications

References 74 publications

Annual greenhouse gas budget for a bog ecosystem undergoing restoration by rewetting

Annual greenhouse gas budget for a bog ecosystem undergoing restoration by rewetting

Implications for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions and Economics of a Changing Agricultural Mosaic in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta

Component greenhouse gas fluxes and radiative balance from two deltaic marshes in Louisiana: Pairing chamber techniques and eddy covariance

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