Variation of cosmic-ray nucleon intensity during the disturbance of 23 February 1956

Marsden, P.; Berry, Joy Wilt; Fieldhouse, P.; Wilson, J. G.

doi:10.1016/0021-9169(56)90135-0

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…They were collated and published as a set of short papers by Gold and his colleagues (e.g. Gold and Palmer, 1956;Marsden et al, 1956). The importance of the event for our modern understanding of space weather has recently been emphasised by Rishbeth et al (2009) who have reviewed the observations of this event in the light of modern understanding.…”

Section: February 1956mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They were collated and published as a set of short papers by Gold and his colleagues (e.g. Gold and Palmer, 1956;Marsden et al, 1956). Those observations show an enormous ground-level cosmic ray event for a short period, the ground level radiation fluxes were enhanced fifty-fold, which remains the largest enhancement ever observed instrumentally.…”

Section: Space Weather As a Natural Hazardmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chip vendors now advise that cosmic radiation is the main source of error in digital systems and that design of critical systems must allow for this. Major SEP events are known to increase ground-level radiation many-fold -the largest known case being factor 50 (Marsden et al, 1956;Gold and Palmer, 1956). Another candidate is the possibility that bursts of intense radio noise from the Sun could interfere with many modern wireless technologies (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards a scientific understanding of the risk from extreme space weather

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2011

Advances in Space Research

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Section: February 1956mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Space Weather As a Natural Hazardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards a scientific understanding of the risk from extreme space weather

Hapgood

2011

Advances in Space Research

123

101

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“…Strong SEP events comprise a significant number of particles with energies of more than 400 MeV, they can generate secondary neutrons in the atmosphere, increasing the background radiation level even at aircraft altitudes. A remarkable example is the wellknown 1956 event [1,2], when a 50-fold increase in the neutron background on the Earth's surface was detected. It has been shown that corresponds increase at aircraft altitudes was as high as 300-fold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of Radiation Fields in Near Earth Space and Atmosphere in New Space Projects of Moscow University

et al. 2020

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The Universat-SOCRAT project is developed in the Moscow State University aiming to forecast space-related risks for aviation, suborbital, and orbital flights and provide new knowledge on the magnetosphere and atmosphere of the Earth. An essential part of the system is a multi-satellite constellation, which would operate in the low-Earth orbit. Among other things, it would monitor the radiation and magnetic-wave environment in the vicinity of the Earth: in space and atmosphere. An Earth observation system, which operates in gamma and visible spectral range, should allow attribute detected changes in the environment to the atmospheric phenomena. We have already designed the instruments to detect increases in the flux of energetic charged particles (solar energetic particles, galactic cosmic rays, and electrons precipitating from radiation belts), geomagnetic disturbances, and electromagnetic transients in the atmosphere. The first stage of the program started on July 5, 2019, with a successful launch of three 3U CubeSats from the Vostochny cosmodrome. These satellites carry instruments for monitoring space radiation and prototype of the device for observing the Earth’s atmosphere in the ultraviolet range. The collected data has confirmed the advantages of multi-satellite observations for the goals of the project. During this year, we plan to launch two more 6U CubeSats with charged particle and gamma-ray detectors, magnetometers, and instrument for detecting of atmospheric electromagnetic transients. We suppose that these satellites will lay the foundation of the space threat monitoring system.

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Über die Dauer der Emission und die Steilheit des Impulsspektrums der solaren Ultrastrahlung bei der chromosphärischen Eruption am 23. 2. 1956

Pfotzer

1957

Annalen der Physik

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InhaltsiibersichtS c h l u t e r l ) , Firor2), Sekido und Murakami3), schlossen bereits aus der globalen Intensitatsverteilung solarer Ultrastrahlung, die zwischen 1942 und 1949 in 4 Fallen registriert wurde, daB die Teilchen die Erde nicht nur auf direktem Wege, sondern auch auf Umwegen erreichen konnen.Es wird nun gezeigt, daB auf Grund der Neutronenregistrierungen beim letzten und bisher starksten Ultrastrahlungsausbruch von der Sonne am 23. 2. 1956 die beiden Strahlungsanteile an europaischen Trefferzonen separiert werden konnen. Danach ist es evident, da13 die direkte Einstrahlung praktisch mit dem Verloschen des optischen Phanomens aufhorte, welches das Hauptmerkmal einer chromospharischen Eruption auf der Sonne ist. Hieraus folgt auch unzweifelhaft, daB die bis zu 16 Stunden spater noch eintreffende Strahlung im Sonnensystem gespeichert wurde. -Die Steilheit des Impulsspektrums der direkten Strahlung konnte abgeschatzt werden. UnterAnnahme eines Potenzspektrums f ( p ) dpplafit sich ein mittlerer Exponent y = 3,4 fur den Impulsbereieh 2 5 p 5 6 GeV/e angeben. Da fur die Umwegstrahlung $5 5 y 5 7 gefunden wurde (Meyer und Mitarb.4), Pf o tzer5), ist damit auch die Degeneration der Strahlungsqualitat nachgewiesen, die bei einem SpeieherprozeB zu erwarten ist.

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Variation of cosmic-ray nucleon intensity during the disturbance of 23 February 1956

Cited by 11 publications

References 2 publications

Towards a scientific understanding of the risk from extreme space weather

Towards a scientific understanding of the risk from extreme space weather

Monitoring of Radiation Fields in Near Earth Space and Atmosphere in New Space Projects of Moscow University

Über die Dauer der Emission und die Steilheit des Impulsspektrums der solaren Ultrastrahlung bei der chromosphärischen Eruption am 23. 2. 1956

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