Variation in the flow rate of drip emitters in a subsurface irrigation system for different soil types

Nogueira, Virgílio Henrique Barros; Diotto, Adriano Valentim; Thebaldi, Michael Silveira; Colombo, Alberto; Silva, Yasmin Fernandes; Lima, Elvis Márcio de Castro; Resende, Gabriel Felipe Lima

doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106485

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…According to Alabas (2013), it occurs because pressurecompensating emitters are designed to discharge water at a uniform rate over a wide pressure range, while to the nonpressure-compensating emitters, the pressure variation must remain constant, so that, there is no large flow rate variation. In contrast, Nogueira et al (2021) evaluated the behavior of a pressure-compensating emitter (2.3 L h -1 ) and a non-pressure-compensating one (4.0 L h -1 ) on 4 different soil types (sandy loam, clay loam, silty loam, and clay) and noticed that, except for sandy loam soil application, the pressure-compensating dripper was the one that presented the major percentage variation between the subsurface and surface flow.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of subsurface drip irrigation systems has been increasing due to its advantages over surface one, such as greater efficiency in water use and application, lower soil water evaporation and agricultural production improvements (Nogueira et al, 2021). However, in subsurface irrigation, soil physical and hydraulic properties can influence the hydraulic characteristics of the emitter (Wang et al, 2021) which contributes to the water distribution uniformity of this system can be lower than one for surface drip irrigation system (Cai et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cavities in soil can develop around the buried emitter outlet, and the size of these cavities tends to affect the generated backpressure (Nogueira et al, 2021). Gil et al (2010) emphasized that the development of these cavities is related to the emitters discharge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the backpressure phenomenon can change the hydraulic characteristics of emitter in subsurface drip irrigation and may vary and reduce the drippers flow rate, resulting in poor irrigation uniformity (Ren et al, 2018;Thebaldi et al, 2016). Shani et al (1996) report that in fine-textured soils, the backpressure effects can be pronounced, resulting in a greater buried emitter flow rate reduction, however, in some cases, an opposite behavior can be found, as presented by Nogueira et al (2021), in which, for a silty loam soil, with low saturated hydraulic conductivity, there was the smallest reduction in subsurface conditions flow rate, compared to other soils, since the resistance to flow was so great that there was the formation of preferred paths to the surface, as the emitters were buried at only 0.05 m. Yet, Wang et al (2021) state that, in general, for the same emitter operating under a same type of soil, the greater its working flow rate, the greater is the backpressure around the dripper, and, consequently, the greater is the emitter's flow rate variation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Backpressure effects on emitters flow rate in subsurface drip irrigation

et al. 2022

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Subsurface drip irrigation success depends on surpassing the backpressure obstacle, a phenomenon which occurs when the water application intensity exceeds the infiltration rate of soil, which reduces the emitter flow rate. Thus, this study aimed to determine the flow rate variation, in relation to surface flow, of four drip emitters when buried at two depths in a loam soil (Yolo Loam soil), and the backpressure generated by the soil on subsurface condition. The cavity radius developed around the emitters outlet was also obtained. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, in a strip-plot scheme, with three treatments: installation depth of driplines (two levels: 0.10 and 0.20 m); dripline type (four levels: D5000, JardiLine, TalDrip and and Hydro PCND) and irrigation time (three levels: 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0 h). The results showed that the flow rate variation between the surface and subsurface application on Yolo Loam soil, with inlet pressure of 145 kPa, was greater the higher was the emitter flow rate. For pressure-compensating emitters, even under backpressure influence, this was not enough to cancel the pressure-compensating device operation, of the emitters. The emitters installation depth, as well the irrigation time, did not affect the backpressure and, consequently, the flow rate variation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Backpressure effects on emitters flow rate in subsurface drip irrigation

et al. 2022

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“…Modern irrigation systems with high water use efficiency consume significant energy input. Innovative irrigation techniques are still needed to obtain high water efficiency with low energy consumption (Adu et al, 2019;Nogueira et al, 2021;Zhang et al, 2021). Water-saving irrigation technology such as subsurface irrigation, with water distribution emitters installed below the soil surface, maintains the soil surface relatively dry, reduces evaporation losses, improves crop yields, increases water use efficiency, and reduces labor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creating Clay emitters for Low-Head Subsurface Irrigation

Rashad

2021

Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering

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The most precious resources on the planet are water and energy. It is important to develop new irrigation systems that are both creative and effective in their use of these resources. This research aims to develop a clay emitter based low-head subsurface irrigation system. The clay emitters CE1, CE2, and CE3 were designed as hollow cylindrical shapes with organic matter ratios of 1%, 2%, and 4%, respectively. The emitter's hardness and hydraulic properties, as well as the effect of soil type on its discharge and wetness zone, were examined. By increasing the organic ratio, the hardness was lowered, and the discharge was improved. Hydraulic parameters were measured in ambient air at pressure heads ranging from 0.2 to 1 m. According to the determined emitter discharge exponents (x), all types of flow are generally mostly turbulent or pressure compensating. The manufacturer's variation (CV) values for all types varied between marginal and unacceptable classification due to its manual fabrication. The emitter was placed at a depth of 10 cm in the soil, and the average discharge and wetness zone were higher in sandy loam than in sand soil over a four-day period of irrigation at 1 m pressure.

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Introducing a stratified vertical gravel tube subsurface drip system under different irrigation regimes for pistachio: Growth, yield and water productivity

Tavakoli,

Sepaskhah,

Hokmabadi

2023

Irrigation and Drainage

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High evapotranspiration and low precipitation are known as the main challenging factors for pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) orchards situated in arid and semi‐arid regions. Therefore, it is necessary to take some measures to mitigate surface evaporation. This study was carried out to assess water productivity (WP) as well as yield and annual shoot growth of pistachios using a new method of irrigation known as the stratified vertical gravel tube subsurface drip irrigation (SVGTSD) system in a 15‐year‐old pistachio orchard in an arid region in Iran. In this system, each tree contained four vertical gravel columns with different lengths. A randomized complete block design with a split‐plot arrangement with three replicates (five trees in each plot) for 3 years was used. Three irrigation regimes included 100% crop evapotranspiration (100% ETc), 85% ETc and 70% ETc (as the main plots), and seven vertical gravel column with a depth arrangement of 40–40–40–40 cm (using a gravel column from the lateral pipe level and without a gravel tube as the control) and gravel‐filled tubes with depths of 10–10–10–10 cm, 10–10–20–20 cm, 10–10–30–30 cm, 10–10–20–30 cm, 10–10–20–40 cm and 10–10–20–50 cm (all 30 cm below ground level) (as subplots) were used. The results showed that the different depths of gravel tube placement significantly affected the annual shoot growth and yield. The deeper the tube was placed, the greater the yield and annual shoot growth, resulting in 10–10–20–50 cm being the most productive. Regarding tree growth, yield and WP, the best performance was observed at full irrigation (100% ETc) with a 10–10–20–50‐cm vertical gravel tube arrangement. Furthermore, in this subsurface irrigation method, there was no concern regarding emitter clogging by roots, root accumulation around the emitters or root intrusion into the emitters. In addition, having a low additional cost (only 13.9%) in comparison with conventional subsurface drip irrigation together with a higher yield (3475 kg ha−1), WP (0.9 kg m−3) and shoot growth (35 cm), SVGTSD is more economical and feasible compared to other irrigation methods and can be extensively applied in pistachio orchards.

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Variation in the flow rate of drip emitters in a subsurface irrigation system for different soil types

Cited by 21 publications

References 17 publications

Backpressure effects on emitters flow rate in subsurface drip irrigation

Backpressure effects on emitters flow rate in subsurface drip irrigation

Creating Clay emitters for Low-Head Subsurface Irrigation

Introducing a stratified vertical gravel tube subsurface drip system under different irrigation regimes for pistachio: Growth, yield and water productivity

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