Variation in Performance of Elite Cyclists From Race to Race

Paton, Carl D.; Hopkins, Will G.

doi:10.1097/00005768-200105001-00964

Cited by 26 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…12,26,27 Performance time reduced by 23 s (1.4%) in the CON group and 19 s (1.2%) in the DEC group from FBL to PACER which is greater than the smallest worthwhile change in TT performance and thus demonstrates practical importance. 22 Notably, no increases in heart rate, respiratory gases or BLa accompanied the faster PACER performances in comparison to FBL, refuting previous conclusions that the access of a physiological reserve was the responsible mechanism. 12 Instead, these improvements may be better explained by motivational theories such as an increase in potential motivation, enhancing the athletes' willingness to tolerate effort and enabling a faster performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…21 A 0.6% coefficient of variation was found in our laboratory for between-trial variation in performance times (n = 31) and a 0.6% smallest worthwhile change in road TT performance has been previously reported. 22 The first two TTs (TT1, TT2) were used for familiarisation, but to prevent submaximal efforts being produced, participants were not informed of this. Ergometry software generated a flat, virtual course which was projected onto a 230 cm screen in front of the rider and which depicted the participants' speed profile as a synchronised graphical avatar.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deception has no acute or residual effect on cycling time trial performance but negatively effects perceptual responses

Jones

Williams

Marchant

et al. 2016

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

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word count: 227Tables: 1 Results: Both groups performed faster in PACER than FBL and SUB (p < 0.05), but SUB was not significantly different to FBL. Affect was more negative and Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) were higher in PACER than FBL in the deception group (p < 0.05). Conclusions:The presence of a visual pacer acutely facilitated time trial performance, but deceptive feedback had no additional effect on performance. The deception group did however experience more negative affect and higher RPE in PACER, whereas these responses were absent in the control group. The performance improvement was not sustained in SUB, suggesting no residual performance effects occurred.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deception has no acute or residual effect on cycling time trial performance but negatively effects perceptual responses

Jones

Williams

Marchant

et al. 2016

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

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“…It should be noted that while an approximate 12-14% extension of time-to-task failure during severe-intensity, constant work-rate exercise, following acute BR ingestion, may appear impressive, this is likely to translate into no more than a 1-2% reduction in the time to complete a given distance, for example, during a short endurance time-trial (TT) event (34). This is similar to the magnitude of improvement in performance reported previously for 4 km and 16.1 km TT after acute BR ingestion (21) and for 10 km TT following 6 days of BR supplementation (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships

Wylie

Kelly

Bailey

et al. 2013

Journal of Applied Physiology

410

449

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Ϫ ] increased in a dose-dependent manner, with the peak changes occurring at approximately 2-3 h. Compared with PL, 70 ml BR did not alter the physiological responses to exercise. However, 140 and 280 ml BR reduced the steady-state oxygen (O2) uptake during moderateintensity exercise by 1.7% (P ϭ 0.06) and 3.0% (P Ͻ 0.05), whereas time-to-task failure was extended by 14% and 12% (both P Ͻ 0.05), respectively, compared with PL. The results indicate that whereas plasma [NO 2 Ϫ ] and the O2 cost of moderate-intensity exercise are altered dose dependently with NO 3 Ϫ -rich BR, there is no additional improvement in exercise tolerance after ingesting BR containing 16.8 compared with 8.4 mmol NO 3 Ϫ . These findings have important implications for the use of BR to enhance cardiovascular health and exercise performance in young adults.nitrate; nitrite; nitric oxide; blood pressure; exercise economy; O2 uptake; exercise tolerance NITRIC OXIDE (NO) IS A GASEOUS signaling molecule that modulates human physiological function via its role in, for example, the regulation of blood flow, neurotransmission, immune function, glucose and calcium homeostasis, muscle contractility, and mitochondrial respiration (9, 36). 1 NO is generated through the oxidation of the amino acid L-arginine Ϫ ] peaked 3 h postingestion, remained close to peak values until 5 h postingestion, and returned to baseline after 24 h (39). The systolic and diastolic BP and the mean arterial pressure (MAP) were reduced significantly, by ϳ10, ϳ8, and ϳ8 mmHg, respectively, at 2.5-3 h after BR intake. The same research group later reported a dose-dependent increase in plasma [ ] was accompanied by significant reductions in both systolic BP (of ϳ2, ϳ6, and ϳ9 mmHg, respectively) and diastolic BP (of ϳ4, ϳ4, and ϳ6 mmHg, respectively). However, since BR contains polyphenols and antioxidants, which can facilitate the synthesis of NO from NO 2 Ϫ in the stomach (30), it is unclear whether BP is similarly impacted when different doses of BR are ingested compared with equivalent doses of NO 3 Ϫ salts. Given the growing interest in dietary NO 3 Ϫ supplementation in the form of BR amongst athletes and the general population, it is important to determine the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship between different volumes of BR consumption and changes in plasma [NO 2 Ϫ ] and BP to establish an optimal dose for beneficial effects.Recent investigations suggest that dietary NO 3 Ϫ supplementation has the potential to influence human physiology beyond 1 This article is the topic of an Invited Editorial by L. Burke (5a).

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“…(Batterham and Hopkins 2006). The smallest substantive change in sprint power was 1.1% as previously (Thorburn, Vistisen et al 2006), with females assumed to be similar (Paton and Hopkins 2005). The smallest standardized (Cohen) change (i.e.…”

Section: Presentation Of Datamentioning

confidence: 97%

No attenuation of gastric distress or benefit to performance with adaptation to octanoate‐rich esterified oils in female cyclists

Thorburn

Vistisen

Thorp

et al. 2007

European Journal of Sport Science

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No attenuation of gastric distress or benefit to performance with adaptation to octanoate-rich esterified oils in female cyclists Thorburn AbstractWe investigated the effects of modifying a normal dietary fatty-acid composition and the ingestion of high-fat exercise supplements on gastrointestinal distress, substrate oxidation, and endurance cycling performance. Five female cyclists completed a randomized triple-crossover comprising a two-week diet high in octanoate-rich esterified oil (MCFA), or twice, long-chain fatty acids (LCFA). Following the diets subjects performed 3-h of cycling at 50% peak power followed by ten maximal sprints while MC and MC-MC conditions, but uncertainty meant these effects were qualified unclear.There was no clear effect of MCFA adaptation on total and 13 C-enriched plasma octanoicacid concentrations, nor were there any detectable elongation products ( 13 C-enriched fatty acids >8:0) seen in the plasma in either the MC-MC or LC-MC conditions To conclude, despite high efficiency of exogenous-MCFA oxidation, no clear benefit to prolongedendurance performance was observed with the ingestion of a CHO+MCFA-rich esterified oil emulsion or following adaptation to a MCFA-rich diet in female cyclists.

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Variation in Performance of Elite Cyclists From Race to Race

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Deception has no acute or residual effect on cycling time trial performance but negatively effects perceptual responses

Deception has no acute or residual effect on cycling time trial performance but negatively effects perceptual responses

Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships

No attenuation of gastric distress or benefit to performance with adaptation to octanoate‐rich esterified oils in female cyclists

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