Variation in Compositions and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Four Citrus Species: Citrus limon, Citrus sinensis, Citrus paradisi, and Citrus reticulata

Abstract

Species of the genus Citrus are cultivated in many regions of China and are widely used for medicinal purposes. In the present study, essential oils (EOs) were extracted from four different Citrus species using steam distillation. The chemical components of these four essential oils were separated using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, and 52 compounds were confirmed. D‐limonene was found to be the most abundant compound. All four essential oils demonstrated varied but remarkable radical scavenging capacity (IC50; 0.77–13.9 %). Citrus paradisi essential oil exhibited excellent antioxidant activity. Compared to ibuprofen, topical application of the four Citrus spp. essential oils significantly inhibited ear edema formation in mice. Furthermore, essential oils from the four Citrus species reduced the expression levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and nuclear transcription factor kappa B p65 (NF‐κB) to different degrees. The cytotoxicity of the four essential oils on BV2 microglial cells was determined using the MTT assay (IC50; 321.37–1558.87 μg/mL), wherein Citrus limon essential oil showed the lowest cytotoxicity. The essential oils of Citrus limon, Citrus reticulata, and Citrus paradisi had an inhibitory effect on the lung cancer cell lines H1299 by inducing a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Cluster and principal component analyses were used to determine the relationship among the Citrus species. These results suggest that the four Citrus essential oils have potential for use as active ingredients in functional foods or cosmeceutical products.

Comparison of Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activities for the Immature Fruits of Citrus changshan-huyou Y.B. Chang and Citrus aurantium L.

“…Fingerprint analysis combined with clustering analysis could distinguish QAF from other Rutaceae herbs in a holistic perspective [ 40 ], but the analysis of differential components was missing. Flavonoids and volatile oils could also be used as signature components to distinguish herbs of the Rutaceae family [ 41 , 42 ], which was consistent with our results. In addition, the result of OPLS−DA showed that coumarins and limonoids could also be used as markers to distinguish QAF from AF.…”

Efficiency of Citrus limon L. Ripe Peel Extract In The Control of Raoiella indica (HIRST, 1924) (Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae)

“…The tannins, the compounds with more expressive concentration in the C. limon extract, are constituted by complex structure molecules (BULE et al, 2020;SAHAKYAN et al, 2020), which permits the easier interaction with proteins, enzymes and alkaloids (EMAM & IBRAHIM, 2020), so that their different forms can have different biochemical effects in herbivore arthropods, causing mortality and deterrence (CHEN et al, 2022). Therefore, tannins can act as endogenous growth inhibitors (EL-ASWAD et al, 2023), anti-nutritional substances and can also act in the defense against biotic and abiotic stresses (PRATYUSHA, 2022).…”

Chemical Composition, Allelopathic Potential, and Antimicrobial and Anticholinesterase Activity of Citrus sinensis (L.) Peel Oil

“…The primary constituents identi ed were limonene (88.25%), terpinen-4-ol (1.98%), β-myrcene (1.90%), and linalool (1.50%). Similarly, in Guangdong, China, Li and colleagues [40] conducted a characterization of the Citrus sinensis peel oil, revealing the presence of 28 components accounting for 85% of the total essential oil. Notably, the key components in this case were d-limonene (49.14%), neral (9.54%), and eucalyptol (3.55%).…”