Variable influenza vaccine effectiveness by subtype: a systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design studies

Belongia, Edward A.; Simpson, Melissa; King, Jennifer; Sundaram, Maria E.; Kelley, Nicholas S.; Osterholm, Michael T.; McLean, Huong Q.

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(16)00129-8

Cited by 542 publications

(444 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…As previously mentioned, because most vaccination occurs in populations that do not consistently contribute to influenza's long-term evolution, current vaccines are unlikely to have enduring effects on influenza's evolution to begin with [32][33][34]. Additionally, vaccine efficacy and effectiveness studies are conducted in small populations typically over individual seasons [21,22]. To measure evolutionary effects, vaccine studies would have to take place over several seasons in a population that contributes to influenza's long-term evolution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vaccination confers a private benefit to vaccinated individuals by directly reducing their risk of infection: the inactivated vaccine reduces the within-season rate of influenza infections in healthy adult recipients by up to 75% [21][22][23][24][25]. Vaccination also confers a social benefit to the host population by reducing the burden of disease, although these effects are infrequently measured.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vaccination mostly occurs in temperate populations such as North America, Europe, and Oceania, which do not consistently contribute to the long-term evolution of influenza viruses [32][33][34]. Yet this is where most studies estimating the value of vaccination take place [21,22]. By contrast, source populations that contribute more to influenza's evolution (e.g., China and India) have almost zero vaccination [32][33][34], and few studies of vaccination occur there [35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The beneficial effects of vaccination on the evolution of seasonal influenza

Wen

Malani

Cobey

2017

Preprint

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Although vaccines against seasonal influenza are designed to protect against currently circulating strains, they may also affect the emergence of antigenically divergent strains and thereby change the rate of antigenic evolution. Such evolutionary effects could change the benefits that vaccines confer to vaccinated individuals and the host population (i.e. private and social benefits). To investigate vaccinations potential evolutionary impacts, we simulated the dynamics of an influenza-like pathogen in an annually vaccinated host population. On average, vaccination decreased the cumulative amount of antigenic evolution of the viral population and the incidence of disease. Vaccination at a 5% random annual vaccination rate (48% cumulative vaccine coverage after 20 years) decreased cumulative evolution by 56% and incidence by 76%. To understand how the evolutionary effects of vaccination might affect its private and social benefits over multiple seasons, we fit linear panel models to simulated infection and vaccination histories. Including the evolutionary effects of vaccination lowered the private benefits by 14% but increased the social benefits by 30% (at a 5% annual vaccination rate) compared to when evolutionary effects were ignored. Thus, in the long term, vaccines' private benefits may be lower and social benefits may be greater than predicted by current measurements of vaccine impact, which do not capture long-term evolutionary effects. These results suggest that conventional vaccines against seasonal influenza could greatly reduce the burden of disease by slowing antigenic evolution like universal vaccines. Furthermore, vaccination's evolutionary effects compound a collective action problem, highlighting the importance on social policies concerning vaccination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The beneficial effects of vaccination on the evolution of seasonal influenza

Wen

Malani

Cobey

2017

Preprint

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“…The therapeutic approaches used for the prevention and treatment of influenza infection include amantadine, neuraminidase inhibitors (24), and vaccines (25). However, some of the adverse effects of the antiviral compounds used and the drawbacks of vaccination indicate the need for improved therapies and preventive treatment of influenza infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-influenza Activity of a Bacillus subtilis Probiotic Strain

Starosila

Рыбалко

Varbanetz

et al. 2017

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Among Bacillus bacteria, B. subtilis is the species that produces the most antimicrobial compounds. In this study, we analyzed the activity of probiotic strain B. subtilis 3 against the influenza virus. The antiviral effect of this strain has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. A new peptide, P18, produced by the probiotic strain was isolated, purified, chemically synthesized, and characterized. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated no toxic effect of P18 on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, even at the highest concentration tested (100 g/ml). Complete inhibition of the influenza virus in vitro was observed at concentrations of 12.5 to 100 g/ ml. The protective effect of P18 in mice was comparable to that of oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu). Further study will assess the potential of peptide P18 as an antiviral compound and as a promising candidate for the development of new antiviral vaccines.

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“…The efficacy of current seasonal influenza vaccines is reliable when vaccine strains are matched with circulating influenza A and B strains; therefore, they need to be reformulated frequently. The low VE, as reported during 2014-2015 influenza season (33% related illness, confidence interval [CI], 26-39), was primarily due to antigenic mismatch between H3N2 strains and the A/Texas/50/2012 H3N2 vaccine strain [9]. Moreover, A (H3N2) viruses are shown to undergo changes in their receptor-binding specificity, which might result in genetic changes during their growth in eggs.…”

Section: Antigenic Drift and Antigenic Shiftmentioning

confidence: 93%

Historical review on thymosin α1 in oncology: preclinical and clinical experiences

Garaci

Pica

Matteucci

et al. 2015

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy

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Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is a naturally occurring polypeptide that regulates immune cell development and function, and is also capable of interacting with multiple target cells with relevant biological effects. The rationale of Tα1 use in cancer treatment stems from the consideration that tumor progression is favored by a failure of the immune response and in turn induces immune suppression. This paper will review the historical background of Tα1 use in oncology, aiming to highlight the importance of Tα1 as an immunotherapeutic tool to be used in combination with chemotherapy, a concept that is not yet fully established in clinic. Areas covered: The efficacy and safety of combining Tα1 with chemotherapy and cytokines were first evaluated in murine tumor models, providing essential information about effects, mechanisms of action, doses and treatment protocols. The therapeutic potential of the chemo-immunotherapy protocol on metastatic melanoma and lung cancer has been confirmed in controlled clinical trials. Critical for the efficacy of the chemo-immunotherapy protocol is the dual action of Tα1 on immune effector and tumor cells. Expert opinion: On the basis of the preclinical and clinical results available, the use of the chemo-immunotherapy protocol, in which the role of Tα1 is central, is strongly recommended

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Variable influenza vaccine effectiveness by subtype: a systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design studies

Cited by 542 publications

References 67 publications

The beneficial effects of vaccination on the evolution of seasonal influenza

The beneficial effects of vaccination on the evolution of seasonal influenza

Anti-influenza Activity of a Bacillus subtilis Probiotic Strain

Historical review on thymosin α1 in oncology: preclinical and clinical experiences

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