Variability of Trail Making Test, Symbol Digit Test and Line Trait Test in normal people. A normative study taking into account age-dependent decline and sociobiological variables

Amodio, Piero; Wenin, Helmut; Piccolo, F. Del; Mapelli, Daniela; Montagnese, Sara; Pellegrini, A; Musto, Carmine; Gatta, Angelo; Umiltà, Carlo

doi:10.1007/bf03324425

Cited by 155 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In relation to the baseline measures of the TMT (TMT-A and TMT-B), the results of the present study support previous findings regarding the influence of demographic variables on performance of the TMT (Amodio et al, 2002;Drane et al, 2002;Horton & Roberts, 2001;Roberts & Horton, 2002;Sherrill-Pattison et al, 2000). Age accounted for a significant amount of variance in performance for both TMT-A and TMT-B in our healthy older adult sample.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In this respect, although several recent studies have outlined the effect of age on TMT performance (Amodio et al, 2002;Drane, Yuspeh, Huthwaite, & Klingler, 2002;Roberts & Horton, 2002;Sherrill-Pattison, Donders, & Thompson, 2000), the influence of education, particularly in normal aging samples, has received less coverage. The extensive normative data within the Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies (Ivnik, Malec, Smith, & Tangalos, 1996) provides education-based normative data; however, 84% of this large sample were reported to be highly educated (12 or more years of formal education).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Demographic Influences on Baseline and Derived Scores From the Trail Making Test in Healthy Older Australian Adults

Hester

Kinsella

Ong

et al. 2005

The Clinical Neuropsychologist

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demographic Influences on Baseline and Derived Scores From the Trail Making Test in Healthy Older Australian Adults

Hester

Kinsella

Ong

et al. 2005

The Clinical Neuropsychologist

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“…Psychometric performance was assessed, under standardized conditions, by Number Connection Tests A and B (14), and the Digit Symbol subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (59). Psychometric test results were scored in relation to age-and education-adjusted reference values (3,60). Performance was defined as impaired if at least two of the three test scores were below two standard deviations of the normative reference range.…”

Section: Neuropsychiatric Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased heart rate variability in patients with cirrhosis relates to the presence and degree of hepatic encephalopathy

Mani¹,

Montagnese²,

Jackson³

et al. 2009

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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Mani AR, Montagnese S, Jackson CD, Jenkins CW, Head IM, Stephens RC, Moore KP, Morgan MY. Decreased heart rate variability in patients with cirrhosis relates to the presence and degree of hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 296: G330 -G338, 2009. First published November 20, 2008 doi:10.1152/ajpgi.90488.2008.-Heart rate variability (HRV) is reduced in several clinical settings associated with either systemic inflammation or neuropsychiatric impairment. The possibility that the changes in HRV observed in patients with neuropsychiatric impairment might relate to the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines does not seem to have been considered in the studies undertaken to date. HRV is decreased in patients with liver cirrhosis but its relationship to the impairment of neuropsychiatric performance, commonly observed in these patients, is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between HRV, hepatic encephalopathy, and production of inflammatory cytokines in patients with cirrhosis. Eighty patients with cirrhosis [53 men, 27 women; mean (Ϯ1SD) age 54 Ϯ 10 yr], classified as neuropsychiatrically unimpaired or as having minimal or overt hepatic encephalopathy, and 11 healthy subjects were studied. HRV was assessed by applying Poincaré plot analysis to the R-R interval series on a 5-min ECG. Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-␣, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12) were measured in a subgroup of patients. Long-term R-R variability was significantly decreased in the patients with cirrhosis, in parallel with the degree of neuropsychiatric impairment (P Ͻ 0.01) and independently of the degree of hepatic dysfunction (P ϭ 0.011). The relative risk of death increased by 7.7% for every 1-ms drop in this variable. Plasma levels of IL-6 significantly correlated with indexes of both HRV and neuropsychiatric performance. The changes observed in HRV and in neuropsychiatric status in patients with cirrhosis are significantly correlated, most likely reflecting a common pathogenic mechanism mediated by inflammatory cytokines.

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“…All patients underwent: (i) semi-structured interview with the patient and -whenever possible -with another informant (usually the patient's spouse or a child) by a geriatrician or neurologist; (ii) physical and neurological examinations; (iii) performance-based tests of physical function, gait and balance; (iv) neuropsychological assessment evaluating verbal and non-verbal memory, attention and executive functions (Trail Making Test B-A; Clock Drawing Test; Amodio et al, 2002;Shulman, 2000), abstract thinking (Raven matrices; Basso et al, 1987), frontal functions (Inverted Motor Learning; Spinnler and Tognoni, 1987); language (Phonological and Semantic fluency; Token test; Carlesimo et al, 1996;Novelli et al, 1986), and apraxia and visuo-constructional abilities (Rey figure copy; Caffarra et al, 2002); (v) assessment of depressive symptoms with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977). As the aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of the vascular damage on EEG rhythms, we did not consider the clinical subtype of MCI, i.e., amnesic, non-amnesic or multiple domains.…”

Section: Diagnostic Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular damage and EEG markers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment

Moretti

Miniussi

Frisoni

et al. 2007

Clinical Neurophysiology

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Objective: We evaluated the changes induced by cerebrovascular (CV) damage on brain rhythmicity recorded by electroencephalography (EEG) in a cohort of subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: We enrolled 99 MCI subjects (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] mean score 26.6). All subjects underwent EEG recording and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). EEGs were recorded at rest. Individual EEG frequencies were indexed by the h/a transition frequency (TF) and by the individual a frequency (IAF) with power peak in the extended a range (5-14 Hz). Relative power was separately computed for d, h, a1, a2, and a3 frequency bands on the basis of the TF and IAF values. Subsequently, we divided the cohort in four sub-groups based on subcortical CV damage as scored by the age-related white matter changes scale (ARWMC). Results: CV damage was associated with 'slowing' of TF proportional to its severity. In the spectral bandpower the severity of vascular damage was associated with increased d power and decreased a2 power. No association of vascular damage was observed with IAF and a3 power. Moreover, the h/a1 ratio could be a reliable index for the estimation of the individual extent of CV damage. Conclusions: EEG analysis may show physiological markers sensitive to CV damage. The appropriate use of this EEG index may help the differential diagnosis of different forms of cognitive decline, namely primary degenerative and secondary to CV damage. Significance: The EEG neurophysiological approach, together with anatomical features from imaging, could be helpful in the understanding of the functional substrate of dementing disorders.

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Variability of Trail Making Test, Symbol Digit Test and Line Trait Test in normal people. A normative study taking into account age-dependent decline and sociobiological variables

Abstract: This study provides the most reliable normative data range for the TMT, SDT and LTT to date because it considers important demographic variables such as age, education and job.

Cited by 155 publications

References 35 publications

Demographic Influences on Baseline and Derived Scores From the Trail Making Test in Healthy Older Australian Adults

Demographic Influences on Baseline and Derived Scores From the Trail Making Test in Healthy Older Australian Adults

Decreased heart rate variability in patients with cirrhosis relates to the presence and degree of hepatic encephalopathy

Vascular damage and EEG markers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment

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