Demographic Influences on Baseline and Derived Scores From the Trail Making Test in Healthy Older Australian Adults

Hester, Robert; Kinsella, Glynda; Ong, Ben; McGregor, Jodie

doi:10.1080/13854040490524137

Cited by 73 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…13 Sijens et al found sex differences in aging brain metabolites at the supraventricular plane, but they rightly pointed out that these changes may not involve the entire brain. 36 In this sample of the 3C Study population, in which the population was less than 85 years old, we did not observe any effect of age on the TMT B-A score, consistent with the findings of Hashimoto et al 37 and Hester et al 38 within the same age bracket. Our study showed, however, that age and TMT are independently associated with brain atrophy and periventricular lesions, as also found in the Rotterdam study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Brain flexibility and balance and gait performances mark morphological and metabolic abnormalities in the elderly

Salem

Walker

Aho

et al. 2008

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Brain flexibility and balance and gait performances mark morphological and metabolic abnormalities in the elderly

Salem

Walker

Aho

et al. 2008

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience

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“…Limitations to the generalizability of the results include the social and cultural context of the Manitoba First Nations population. Analysis of times to completion for Part A of the Trail Making Test with age was consistent with normative data [44] , suggesting that our sample is representative. However, in comparison to a similarly aged population, times for Trail Making Test Part B were slightly higher, indicating that our volunteer sample may be less healthy [45] .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Carotid Atherosclerosis and a Reduced Likelihood for Lowered Cognitive Performance in a Canadian First Nations Population

et al. 2009

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Background: We investigated the associations among cardiovascular risk factors, carotid atherosclerosis and cognitive function in a Canadian First Nations population. Methods: Individuals aged ≥18 years, without stroke, nonpreg- nant and with First Nations status were assessed by the Trail Making Test Parts A and B. Results were combined into a Trail Making Test executive function score (TMT-exec). Doppler ultrasonography assessed carotid stenosis and plaque volume. Anthropometric, vascular and metabolic risk factors were assessed by interview, clinical examinations and blood tests. Results: For 190 individuals with TMT-exec scores, the median age of the population was 39 years. Compared to the reference group, individuals with elevated levels of left carotid stenosis (LCS) and total carotid stenosis (TCS) were less likely to demonstrate lowered cognitive performance [LCS, odds ratio (OR): 0.47, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24–0.96; TCS, OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.20–0.80]. No effect was shown for plaque volume. In structural equation modeling, we found that for every 1-unit change in the anthropometric factor in kg/m², there was a 0.86-fold decrease in the percent of TCS (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Individuals with elevated levels of LCS and TCS were less likely to demonstrate lowered performance. There was some suggestion that TCS mediates the effect of anthropometric risk factors on cognitive function.

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“…In the last 10 years, many studies have improved TMT normative data stratifying norms according to different demographic variables such as age, education, or gender (Heaton, Miller, Taylor, & Grant, 2004;Mitrushina, Boone, Razani, & D'Elia, 2005;Strauss, Sherman, & Spreen, 2006). For instance, norms exist for North American (Drane, Yuseph, Huthwaite, & Klingler, 2002;Steinberg, Bieliauskas, Smith, & Ivnik, 2005), Canadian (Tombaugh, 2004), Australian (Hester, Kinsella, Ong, & McGregor, 2005), Italian (Giovagnoli et al, 1996), Chinese (Lu & Bigler, 2002), Japanese (Hashimoto et al, 2006), Greek (Zalonis et al, 2010), Indian (Bhatia et al, 2007), and Korean healthy populations (Seo et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

A Preliminary Study on the Trail-Making Test in Arabic–English Bilingual Young Adults

Razzak

2012

Applied Neuropsychology: Adult

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The Trail-Making Test (TMT) is used in different neuropsychological test batteries. It consists of two parts: TMT-Part A, which tests visual scanning and psychomotor speed, and TMT-Part B, which assesses more complex cognitive processes. TMT normative data have been established in many non-Arab countries either using the original English version or a version developed with the native language. The aim of this study was to compare TMT performance between the English TMT and a constructed Arabic TMT in young Arabic-English bilingual college students from three Arabian Gulf states. Scores from 83 participants who took the English TMT and 52 who took the Arabic TMT were included. Arabic TMT (both parts) scores were significantly poorer compared with English TMT scores. Arabic TMT scores were also poorer than were other norms for this age group and education level, but they were better than those reported from another study using the Arabic TMT. Moreover, there were nonsignificant differences in performance between participants from these three countries; however, these findings are inconclusive as sample sizes were small. These findings suggest that Arabic TMT norms cannot be unified for all Arabic countries, and separate Arabic TMT norms including all age groups and education levels must be established for each Arabic country.

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Demographic Influences on Baseline and Derived Scores From the Trail Making Test in Healthy Older Australian Adults

Cited by 73 publications

References 38 publications

Brain flexibility and balance and gait performances mark morphological and metabolic abnormalities in the elderly

Brain flexibility and balance and gait performances mark morphological and metabolic abnormalities in the elderly

Carotid Atherosclerosis and a Reduced Likelihood for Lowered Cognitive Performance in a Canadian First Nations Population

A Preliminary Study on the Trail-Making Test in Arabic–English Bilingual Young Adults

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