Variability of properties of water and water-containing systems under various external influences

The Role of Modification of the Structure of Water and Water-Containing Systems in Changing Their Biological, Therapeutic, and Other Properties Overview

“…Figure 3A,B show the dependence of the electrical capacitance of distilled water and aqueous solutions of sodium chloride at different frequencies of reactive current, using a measuring cell with a distance between the capacitor plates of 7 cm and a test tube with a diameter of 20 mm and a length of 200 mm. In this test tube, the capacitor plates are displaced relative to each other in parallel planes and do not have a surface opposite [44]. It turned out that when using both measuring cells with an increase in the frequency of the reactive current from 1 kHz to 100 kHz, the electrical capacitance of distilled water decreases many times (p < 0.001) (Figure 3).…”

“…To assess the structural transformations of water and aqueous solutions changing their physicochemical properties, researchers have used a non-destructive method for determining the structure of water and water-containing systems and various measuring cells [17,23,37,39,[41][42][43][44]. The electrical capacitance value uses as a parameter for assessing the structure of water or an aqueous solution.…”

“…Researchers carried out studies to determine the parameters of the optimal measuring cells for different tasks, to assess the effect of the distance to a solid surface and the material of a solid surface on the structure of liquids [43]. For this, measuring cells were used, making it possible to create different heights of the liquid layer between the capacitor plates and apply different reactive current frequencies (Figure 1A) [43,44].…”

“…The data of experiments with distilled water and other solutions [43] recommend using measuring cells in which the capacitor plates are located at a distance of 5 cm to 10 cm from each friend (a diagram of one of these cells shown in Figure 1B) for studies with distilled water and water-containing systems. On the other hand, it is advisable to use other measuring cells to study the simultaneous influence of various factors on the structure of water, water-containing systems, and the near-wall layer, for example, in a test tube with a diameter of 20 mm and a length of 200 mm in which the capacitor plates are displaced relative to each other in parallel planes and do not have a surface located opposite each other [44]. A diagram of one of these measuring cells is in Figure 1C.…”

“…The dependence of the structure and other parameters of water on temperature is shown in several works [35,44,45]. In these works it was shown that the minimum specific heat of water is at a temperature of 35-37 • C. According to [46], the heat capacity values do not change in the temperature range from 30 • C to 38 • C, probably indicating the absence of significant structural rearrangements in water in this temperature range.…”