The Role of Modification of the Structure of Water and Water-Containing Systems in Changing Their Biological, Therapeutic, and Other Properties Overview

Abstract

Based on published research on modifying the structure of water and water-containing systems, we assess external influence methods: temperature, magnetic field, light radiation, and their combination. We evaluate changes in the electrophysical, photo- and pH-metric biological, therapeutic, and other properties of water systems using non-destructive electrophysical research methods, i.e., thermometry, pH, laser interference, dynamic light scattering, microelectrophoresis, conductivity, surface tension, dielectric constant, polarimetric measurements, atomic force microscopy, and UV and EPR spectroscopy. The effects of temperature or magnetic field lead to a change in the content and size of water clusters, and physicochemical, biological, therapeutic, and other changes in the properties of water and water-containing systems. The combined effect of a magnetic field and curative mud and the impact of magnetised mineral water have a more pronounced therapeutic effect than only mineral water or curative mud. The data presented indirectly indicate structural changes in water and water-containing systems. We conclude that the primary mechanism of action of a magnetic field, light, or a combination of these factors on water and water-containing systems, including mineral water and therapeutic mud, is a change in the structure of water.

Application of a Structured Water Generator for Crop Irrigation: Structured Water, Drought Tolerance, and Alteration of Plant Defense Mechanisms to Abiotic Stressors

“…Structured water has antioxidant properties due to the quasi-free, delocalized electrons that circle around the hexagonal rings of water. The delocalized electrons can readily quench excess generation of free radicals produced along the electron transfer chain during photosynthesis in heat and/or water stressed plants [20][21][22][23]25]. Antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidases (GPxs are widely recognized in quenching reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are generated in the electron transfer chain in photosynthesis.…”

“…The physicochemical properties of irrigation water can be manipulated by several energy-based treatments [13]. Decades of research have shown that bulk water exposed to energy sources that strengthen or shorten the hydrogen bonds in water molecules such as infrared radiation, magnetic fields, sonic waves, mechanical vibrations, or low temperatures will add structure to water [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. As water is exposed to low temperatures, or a range of energy sources, the hydrogen bonds become shorter, and the bond angles widen from 104º to 109.5º.…”

“…As water is exposed to low temperatures, or a range of energy sources, the hydrogen bonds become shorter, and the bond angles widen from 104º to 109.5º. This enables a percentage of the water molecules to form a tetrahedral design resulting in five (pentagonal) and six (hexagonal) molecular rings [18,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. As the hexagonal rings form, the water becomes more structured with greater stability and less enthalpy or bonding energy [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28].…”

Using Methods to Assess the Structure of Water and Water-Containing Systems to Improve the Properties of Living and Non-Living Systems

“…Various factors, such as magnetic field, solution composition, temperature, and others, can affect the structure of water and alter the sizes of water clusters [3,15,[17][18][19][20]. The structure of aqueous solutions also changes in the near-wall layer, depending on the material of the surface and the substance dissolved in the water [21,22].…”

“…Water and water-containing systems can undergo structural modifications due to various low-energy effects [2,3,15,[18][19][20][23][24][25][26]. These structural changes can alter water's biological, therapeutic, and other properties and applications [17]. Experimental and clinical evidence supports that water's structure influences biological activity and other characteristics.…”