Variability of Iberian upwelling implied by ERA-40 and ERA-Interim
                        reanalyses

Alves, José; Miranda, Pedro

doi:10.3402/tellusa.v65i0.19245

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Importantly, there is stronger agreement that significant trends of upwelling intensification are evident at higher latitude for all EBUS. Among studies excluded from the meta-analysis, either because they did not meet the strict selection criteria or because they were published after the analysis was completed, most (Di Lorenzo et al, 2005;Alves and Miranda, 2013;Barton et al, 2013;Bylhouwer et al, 2013;Stocker et al, 2013;Cropper et al, 2014;deCastro et al, 2014;Jacox et al, 2014;Sydeman et al, 2014b;Varela et al, 2015) show results consistent with the findings of Sydeman et al (2014a). Those containing seemingly contradictory results (Demarcq, 2009;Dewitte et al, 2012) add uncertainty, but do not refute the findings of the metaanalysis, as they focus on local regions, use short time series and do not add uncertainty.…”

Section: Trends In Upwelling-favorable Windssupporting

confidence: 58%

Under Pressure: Climate Change, Upwelling, and Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems

et al. 2015

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The IPCC AR5 provided an overview of the likely effects of climate change on Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS), stimulating increased interest in research examining the issue. We use these recent studies to develop a new synthesis describing climate change impacts on EBUS. We find that model and observational data suggest coastal upwelling-favorable winds in poleward portions of EBUS have intensified and will continue to do so in the future. Although evidence is weak in data that are presently available, future projections show that this pattern might be driven by changes in the positioning of the oceanic high-pressure systems rather than by deepening of the continental low-pressure systems, as previously proposed. There is low confidence regarding the future effects of climate change on coastal temperatures and biogeochemistry due to uncertainty in the countervailing responses to increasing upwelling and coastal warming, the latter of which could increase thermal stratification and render upwelling less effective in lifting nutrient-rich deep waters into the photic zone. Although predictions of ecosystem responses are uncertain, EBUS experience considerable natural variability and may be inherently resilient. However, multi-trophic level, end-to-end (i.e., "winds to whales") studies are needed to resolve the resilience of EBUS to climate change, especially their response to long-term trends or extremes that exceed pre-industrial ranges.

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Section: Trends In Upwelling-favorable Windssupporting

confidence: 58%

Under Pressure: Climate Change, Upwelling, and Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems

et al. 2015

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“…Moreover, they are in agreement with the changes observed during the last few decades; for example, Alves and Miranda (2013) found marked differences between open-sea and coastal trends when running an ORCM forced by ERA-40 and ERAInterim reanalyses and attributed these differences to an intensification of the upwelling system. The differences between the northern and southern sectors of the Iberian margin have also been reported by several authors: Relvas et al (2009) analysed different SST data sets spanning the last few decades and found an intensification of the upwelling in the southern sector of the Iberian margin, particularly in summer and autumn; and Álvarez et al (2008) analysed QuikSCAT and PFEL data and attributed the spatial differences in the upwelling system to the interaction between the macroscopic wind regime and coastal orography.…”

Section: On the Patterns Of Sst And Sss Projectionssupporting

confidence: 76%

Regional marine climate scenarios in the NE Atlantic sector close to the Spanish shores

Gomis

Álvarez-Fanjul²,

Jordà

et al. 2016

Sci. Mar.

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Summary:We present an overview of the changes expected during the 21st century in key marine parameters (sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, sea level and waves) in the sector of the NE Atlantic Ocean close to the Spanish shores. Under the A1B scenario, open-sea surface temperatures would increase by 1°C to 1.5°C by 2050 as a consequence of global ocean warming. Near the continental margin, however, the global temperature rise would be counteracted by an enhancement of the seasonal upwelling. Sea surface salinity is likely to decrease in the future, mainly due to the advection of high-latitude fresher waters from ice melting. Mean sea level rise has been quantified as 15-20 cm by 2050, but two contributions not accounted for by our models must be added: the mass redistribution derived from changes in the large-scale circulation (which in the NE Atlantic may be as large as 15 cm in 2050 or 35 cm by 2100) and the increase in the ocean mass content due to the melting of continental ice (for which estimates are still uncertain). The meteorological tide shows very small changes, and therefore extreme sea levels would be higher in the 21st century, but mostly due to the increase in mean sea level, not to an increase in the storminess. The wave projections point towards slightly smaller significant wave heights, but the changes projected are of the same order as the natural variability.Keywords: climate change; surface temperature; surface salinity; sea level, waves. Escenarios climáticos marinos regionalizados en el sector NE del Océano Atlántico cercano a las costas españolasResumen: En este trabajo se presenta una visión de conjunto de los cambios esperados en el siglo XXI en los principales parámetros marinos (temperatura y salinidad superficiales, nivel del mar y oleaje) en el sector NE del Océano Atlántico más cercano a las costas españolas. Bajo el escenario A1B, se prevé que la temperatura superficial en mar abierto suba del orden de 1-1.5°C para el año 2050, como consecuencia del calentamiento global del océano. Cerca del margen continental, sin embargo, el aumento de la temperatura superficial podría ser contrarrestado por un aumento del afloramiento estacional. La salinidad superficial es probable que disminuya en el futuro, debido principalmente a la advección desde latitudes más altas de aguas provenientes de la fusión de hielos polares. El aumento del nivel del mar obtenido de los modelos se ha cuantificado en 15 a 20 cm para el año 2050, pero esa estima no incluye dos contribuciones adicionales que deben ser añadidas: la redistribución de masa derivada de los cambios en la circulación a gran escala (que en el Atlántico NE se ha estimado en unos 15 cm para 2050 i en 35 cm para 2100) y el aumento de masa debido a la fusión de hielos continentales (para el cual las estimas son todavía inciertas). La marea meteorológica muestra cambios muy pequeños, y por tanto el aumento de los niveles extremos del mar en el siglo XXI serán debidos principalmente al aumento del nivel medio, no a un aumento en la ...

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“…It has been shown that CLLJ can also occur along the north coast of Spain, where some recent studies have proved that upwelling is a relatively common event, with particularly higher occurrence in the summer months (Alvarez et al, , 2010Alves and Miranda, 2013). Nevertheless, and in spite of the evidence of the existence of upwelling currents and offshore Ekman transport in the Iberian coast, to the authors' knowledge no detailed study of the wind regime in that coastal area has been pursuit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Climatology of the Iberia coastal low-level wind jet: weather research forecasting model high-resolution results

Soares

Cardoso²,

Semedo

et al. 2014

Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography

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A B S T R A C T Coastal low-level jets (CLLJ) are a low-tropospheric wind feature driven by the pressure gradient produced by a sharp contrast between high temperatures over land and lower temperatures over the sea. This contrast between the cold ocean and the warm land in the summer is intensified by the impact of the coastal parallel winds on the ocean generating upwelling currents, sharpening the temperature gradient close to the coast and giving rise to strong baroclinic structures at the coast. During summertime, the Iberian Peninsula is often under the effect of the Azores High and of a thermal low pressure system inland, leading to a seasonal wind, in the west coast, called the Nortada (northerly wind). This study presents a regional climatology of the CLLJ off the west coast of the Iberian Peninsula, based on a 9 km resolution downscaling dataset, produced using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model, forced by 19 years of ERA-Interim reanalysis (1989Á2007). The simulation results show that the jet hourly frequency of occurrence in the summer is above 30% and decreases to about 10% during spring and autumn. The monthly frequencies of occurrence can reach higher values, around 40% in summer months, and reveal large inter-annual variability in all three seasons. In the summer, at a daily base, the CLLJ is present in almost 70% of the days. The CLLJ wind direction is mostly from north-northeasterly and occurs more persistently in three areas where the interaction of the jet flow with local capes and headlands is more pronounced. The coastal jets in this area occur at heights between 300 and 400 m, and its speed has a mean around 15 m/s, reaching maximum speeds of 25 m/s.

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Variability of Iberian upwelling implied by ERA-40 and ERA-Interim reanalyses

Cited by 23 publications

References 47 publications

Under Pressure: Climate Change, Upwelling, and Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems

Under Pressure: Climate Change, Upwelling, and Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems

Regional marine climate scenarios in the NE Atlantic sector close to the Spanish shores

Climatology of the Iberia coastal low-level wind jet: weather research forecasting model high-resolution results

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