Variability of Competitive Performance of Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review

Malcata, Rita M.; Hopkins, Will G.

doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0239-x

Cited by 109 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Further, when evaluating the 'non-responders', one subject (female) improved her performance with BRJ (1.2% PO; 2.6% distance; 1.2% speed) ( Table 4). Even though the performance results (PO, distance) of all groups were insignificant with regard to BRJ supplementation, the coefficient of variation (CV) for performance in sprint and endurance sports is 0.6-1.4% and our mean values fit within or are greater than this range [29]. However, since all the groups (whole, 'responders', and 'nonresponders') had values within this range our results as to whether BRJ supplementation is of benefit to performance is inconclusive.…”

Section: Performance Measuresmentioning

confidence: 45%

Acute Dose of Beet Root Juice Does Not Improve Endurance Performance in Elite Triathletes

Hm¹,

Sl²

2016

Sports Nutr Ther

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The aim of this study was to investigate whether consuming a high acute dose of NO 3 -rich beetroot juice (BRJ) results in a significant (A) increase in plasma nitrite (NO 2 -), and; (B) improvement in exercise performance during a 30 min time trial (TT) among competitive elite triathletes. Eight triathletes (4 females, 4 males; age 22 ± 0.9 yrs) participated in this study. (A) Baseline (PRE) venous blood samples were taken. Subjects then consumed 210 mL (19.4 mmol NO 3 -) of BRJ and a second blood sample was taken 2.5 hr after consumption (POST) and blood samples were analyzed for . (B) Seven days later, in a randomized, single-blinded, crossover design, subjects completed two laboratory-based 30 min TT separated by 7 days. 2.5 hr prior the TT, subjects consumed either BRJ or a nitrate-free BRJ placebo (PL). (A) Plasma [NO 2 -] did not significantly change from baseline values after consuming 210 mL of BRJ (PRE: 1.62 ± 0.17 uM, POST: 1.76 ± 0.15 uM). (B) In response to BRJ supplementation, there was no significant difference over the TT in mean power output (BRJ: 4.19 ± 0.2 W/kg, PL: 4.23 ± 0.2 W/ kg), distance covered (BRJ: 16.1 ± 0.6 km, PL: 16.2 ± 0.7 km), or average speed (PL: 32.4 ± 1.4; BRJ: 32.6 ± 1.3 kph). Further, when the subjects were separated into BRJ 'responders' and 'non-responders' we did not observe statistically significant changes in any of the performance measures between the PL and BRJ supplementation. In conclusion, there is no ergogenic benefit to supplementing elite athletes with an acute dose of BRJ prior to a high intensity middle-distance cycling competition.

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Section: Performance Measuresmentioning

confidence: 45%

Acute Dose of Beet Root Juice Does Not Improve Endurance Performance in Elite Triathletes

Hm¹,

Sl²

2016

Sports Nutr Ther

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“…After modeling the results of a range of sports [14, 61], Hopkins et al suggest that “worthwhile” changes to the outcome of most events require a performance difference equal to approximately 0.3 – 0.5 times the variability (coefficient of variation [CV]) of performance for that event. Furthermore, across a range of events the CV of performance of top athletes is usually within the range of 0.5–3%, with some variability according to the type of event and the caliber of the performer [61].…”

Section: Individual Responses To Supplement Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Practical Issues in Evidence-Based Use of Performance Supplements: Supplement Interactions, Repeated Use and Individual Responses

Burke

2017

Sports Med

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Current sports nutrition guidelines recommend that athletes only take supplements following an evidence-based analysis of their value in supporting training outcomes or competition performance in their specific event. While there is sound evidence to support the use of a few performance supplements under specific scenarios (creatine, beta-alanine, bicarbonate, caffeine, nitrate/beetroot juice and, perhaps, phosphate), there is a lack of information around several issues needed to guide the practical use of these products in competitive sport. First, there is limited knowledge around the strategy of combining the intake of several products in events in which performance benefits are seen with each product in isolation. The range in findings from studies involving combined use of different combinations of two supplements makes it difficult to derive a general conclusion, with both the limitations of individual studies and the type of sporting event to which the supplements are applied influencing the potential for additive, neutral or counteractive outcomes. The repeated use of the same supplement in sports involving two or more events within a 24-h period is of additional interest, but has received even less attention. Finally, the potential for individual athletes to respond differently, in direction and magnitude, to the use of a supplement seems real, but is hard to distinguish from normal day to day variability in performance. Strategies that can be used in research or practice to identify whether individual differences are robust include repeat trials, and the collection of data on physiological or genetic mechanisms underpinning outcomes.

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“…The pursuit of excellence in performance already established in many areas of the world of work has also been applied in the field of sports (Barnett, 2006;Malcata & Hopkins, 2014). It is feasible to assume that the effects of training sessions on sleep and fatigue among athletes are similar to those observed in real-life workers.…”

Section: Sleep Fatigue Performance and Alertnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

21st International Symposium on Shiftwork and Working Time: The 24/7 Society – From chronobiology to practical life

Fischer

Puttonen

Skene

2014

Chronobiology International

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Variability of Competitive Performance of Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review

Abstract: Understanding the contributions of race dynamics, power output, environment, skill, and subjective scoring to the variability of athletic performance should help identify and evaluate strategies for performance enhancement.

Cited by 109 publications

References 17 publications

Acute Dose of Beet Root Juice Does Not Improve Endurance Performance in Elite Triathletes

Acute Dose of Beet Root Juice Does Not Improve Endurance Performance in Elite Triathletes

Practical Issues in Evidence-Based Use of Performance Supplements: Supplement Interactions, Repeated Use and Individual Responses

21st International Symposium on Shiftwork and Working Time: The 24/7 Society – From chronobiology to practical life

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