Variability in Postharvest Decay Among Apple Cultivars

Spotts, R. A.; Cervantes, Louis A.; Mielke, Eugene A.

doi:10.1094/pdis.1999.83.11.1051

Cited by 77 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Through this study we have come to understand the importance of taking fruit seasonality and postharvest changes into account in pathogenicity/aggressiveness studies. Some reports dealing with pathogenicity or aggressiveness do not test or report on the physiological status of the host (2,16,31). However, this aspect should be included to more effectively assess host-pathogen interactions in the future.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Pathogenic Penicillium spp. on Apple and Pear

Louw

Korsten

2014

Plant Disease

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Numerous Penicillium spp. have been associated with postharvest fruit spoilage. This study investigates pathogenicity and aggressiveness of selected Penicillium spp. previously isolated from South African and European Union fruit export chains. Penicillium expansum was the most-and P.crustosum the second most aggressive on all apple cultivars (Royal Gala, Granny Smith, Golden Delicious, Topred and Cripps Pink) and two pear cultivars (Packham"s Triumph and Forelle) tested.Penicillium digitatum was the most aggressive on Beurre Bosc, Beurre Hardy and Sempre (Rosemarie) pear cultivars and the third most aggressive on Granny Smith and Cripps Pink apple cultivars. To our knowledge this is the first report where P. digitatum has been described as aggressive on certain pome fruit cultivars. These cultivars are also the most commonly associated with decay on the export markets resulting in considerable end-market losses. Penicillium brevicompactum was detected pathogenic on pears, but was not further evaluated in the study.Penicillium solitum was observed more pathogenic (broader cultivar range and higher disease incidence) and aggressive (larger lesions) on pear cultivars than on apple cultivars. This study provides new information on host specificity and the importance of pathogenic Penicillium spp.isolated from various environments in the shipping and marketing channels. INTRODUCTIONThe South African pome fruit industry is economically important in terms of global trade. The industry produces over 1.1 million tons of fruit of which 46.6% are exported as fresh produce, earning close to $431.6 million in net export realization in 2012 (9). Postharvest losses have been reported as high as 50% in developing countries (5,21,26). Significant losses have been attributed to decay caused by Penicillium spp. (12,14,16,20,22,32).A report by Sanderson and Spotts (22) indicates that numerous Penicillium spp. naturally inhabit pome fruit environments (packinghouses and storage facilities) and are prominent on fruit bins. Of these species, P. expansum Link ex Gray, P. crustosum Thom, and P. solitum Westling have been described as the most important on apples (Malus domestica L. Borkh.) and pears (Pyrus communis L.) in causing decay (14,22,32). Other pathogenic species reported include P. aurantiogriseum Dierckx., P. brevicompactum Dierckx., P.commune Thom, P. griseofulvum Dierckx., P. verrucosum, Dierckx. and P. carneum Frisvad (2,12,16,18,23). However, these species have less often been associated with decay of pome fruit.Several other Penicillium spp. isolated from pome fruit environments (2,22) are best known as pathogens on other fruit crops. These include P. digitatum (Pers.:Fr.) Sacc. on citrus (8) and P. glabrum (Wehmer) Westling on pomegranates (3). Complex fruit trade networks result in a large variety of fruit from different countries being retained together in storage or holding facilities (34). In addition, citrus and pome fruit are sometimes re-packed in the same facility to remove decaying fruit. This practice can p...

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“…spp. (6,31). This may lead to the misidentification of the causal pathogen if no isolation and identification of the fungus is made.…”

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Pathogenic Penicillium spp. on Apple and Pear

Louw

Korsten

2014

Plant Disease

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“…Thus, resistance of the epidermis to breakage may be an important factor in the resistance of apple cultivars to decay. Studying the force required to break the epidermis of several cultivars, as a criterion for resistance to wound pathogens, Spotts et al (1999) found that the epidermis of Golden Delicious and Jonagold was more easily broken than that of other cultivars, while the epidermal tissues of Fuji and Granny Smith were the most resistant to puncture. Sometimes infections may occur through normal stems, open calyx canals or lenticels, especially when they are damaged by cracking after a sudden abundant supply of water following a period of dryness, or after bruising late in the storage season when fruit have been weakened by ripening and aging (Janisiewicz et al, 1991).…”

Section: Penicillium Expansummentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art and Future Prospects of Alternative Control Means Against Postharvest Blue Mould of Apple: Exploiting the Induction of Resistance

Sanzani¹,

Ippolito²

2011

Fungicides - Beneficial and Harmful Aspects

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“…There is no source of host resistance in commercial apple cultivars as they are all susceptible to blue mold [8]. However, pioneering studies involving the identification and characterization of wild apple germplasm with resistance to blue mold have revealed multiple mechanisms associated with host resistance against Penicillium spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dominant Selectable Markers for Penicillium spp. Transformation and Gene Function Studies

Jurick¹,

Peng²,

Gaskins³

et al. 2017

Fungal Genom Biol

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Penicillium spp. has been genetically manipulated and gene function studies have utilized single gene deletion strains for phenotypic analysis. Fungal transformation experiments have relied on hygromycin and hygromycin phosphotransferase (hph) as the main dominant selectable marker (DSM) system in Penicillium spp. This poses a limitation on the number of loci that can be analyzed and complemented in reverse genetic studies. Additionally, many economically important Penicillium spp. have not been evaluated to determine the utility of additional chemicals that can serve as DSMs. Therefore, six compounds were examined for 15 blue mold strains and their Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) determined. Phleomycin, neomycin and G418 were deemed ineffective, as Penicillium spp. growth was observed on media amended with 1000 μg/ml of each compound. The efficacy of bialophos to inhibit fungal growth was intermediate, with MICs ranging from 250 to 1000 μg/ml and was speciesdependent. However, chlorimuron ethyl and benlate had the lowest MIC values and minimal variation in efficacy within and between species. Therefore, benlate and chlorimuron ethyl are good candidates for use as since corresponding fungal resistance genes have been cloned, characterized and are available from a variety of public and academic sources.

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Variability in Postharvest Decay Among Apple Cultivars

Cited by 77 publications

References 9 publications

Pathogenic Penicillium spp. on Apple and Pear

Pathogenic Penicillium spp. on Apple and Pear

State of the Art and Future Prospects of Alternative Control Means Against Postharvest Blue Mould of Apple: Exploiting the Induction of Resistance

Dominant Selectable Markers for Penicillium spp. Transformation and Gene Function Studies

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