The ancestors of fungi are believed to be simple aquatic forms with flagellated spores, similar to members of the extant phylum Chytridiomycota (chytrids). Current classifications assume that chytrids form an early-diverging clade within the kingdom Fungi and imply a single loss of the spore flagellum, leading to the diversification of terrestrial fungi. Here we develop phylogenetic hypotheses for Fungi using data from six gene regions and nearly 200 species. Our results indicate that there may have been at least four independent losses of the flagellum in the kingdom Fungi. These losses of swimming spores coincided with the evolution of new mechanisms of spore dispersal, such as aerial dispersal in mycelial groups and polar tube eversion in the microsporidia (unicellular forms that lack mitochondria). The enigmatic microsporidia seem to be derived from an endoparasitic chytrid ancestor similar to Rozella allomycis, on the earliest diverging branch of the fungal phylogenetic tree.

Pezizomycotina is the largest subphylum of Ascomycota and includes the vast majority of filamentous, ascoma-producing species. Here we report the results from weighted parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of five nuclear loci (SSU rDNA, LSU rDNA, RPB1, RPB2 and EF-lalpha) from 191 taxa. Nine of the 10 Pezizomycotina classes currently recognized were represented in the sampling. These data strongly supported the monophyly of Pezizomycotina, Arthoniomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Orbiliomycetes and Sordariomycetes. Pezizomycetes and Dothideomycetes also were resolved as monophyletic but not strongly supported by the data. Lecanoromycetes was resolved as paraphyletic in parsimony analyses but monophyletic in maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Leotiomycetes was polyphyletic due to exclusion of Geoglossaceae. The two most basal classes of Pezizomycotina were Orbiliomycetes and Pezizomycetes, both of which comprise species that produce apothecial ascomata. The seven remaining classes formed a monophyletic group that corresponds to Leotiomyceta. Within Leotiomyceta, the supraclass clades of Leotiomycetes s.s. plus Sordariomycetes and Arthoniomycetes plus Dothideomycetes were resolved with moderate support.

Pezizomycotina is the largest subphylum of Ascomycota and includes the vast majority of filamentous, ascoma-producing species. Here we report the results from weighted parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of five nuclear loci (SSU rDNA, LSU rDNA, RPB1, RPB2 and EF-lalpha) from 191 taxa. Nine of the 10 Pezizomycotina classes currently recognized were represented in the sampling. These data strongly supported the monophyly of Pezizomycotina, Arthoniomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Orbiliomycetes and Sordariomycetes. Pezizomycetes and Dothideomycetes also were resolved as monophyletic but not strongly supported by the data. Lecanoromycetes was resolved as paraphyletic in parsimony analyses but monophyletic in maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Leotiomycetes was polyphyletic due to exclusion of Geoglossaceae. The two most basal classes of Pezizomycotina were Orbiliomycetes and Pezizomycetes, both of which comprise species that produce apothecial ascomata. The seven remaining classes formed a monophyletic group that corresponds to Leotiomyceta. Within Leotiomyceta, the supraclass clades of Leotiomycetes s.s. plus Sordariomycetes and Arthoniomycetes plus Dothideomycetes were resolved with moderate support.

house were selected on each sampling Spotts, R. A, and Cervantes, L. A. 1986. Populations, pathogenicity, and benomyl resistance of date for pathogenicity tests. To determine Botrytis spp., Penicillium spp., and Mucorpiriformis in packinghouses. Plant Disease 70:106-108. pathogenicity, Anjou pear fruits were disinfested with 95% ethanol and Populations of Botrytis spp., Penicillium spp., and Mucorpiriformis were determined during two inoculated with each isolate by placing seasons in air and dump-tank water of nine apple and pear packinghouses. Populations of all fungi varied considerably among packinghouses. Spores of Penicillium spp. were more abundant in air spores and hyphae into a 1-mm-deep and dump water than spores of Botrytis spp. or M. piriformis. Spores of Penicillium spp. and M. wound. Decay was evaluated after 3-5 piriformis in dump water increased as the packing season progressed, suggesting that decaying fruit days at 20 C in a moist chamber. stored in bins and processed later in the season increased propagule levels more than did debris Virulence of P. expansum isolates was brought into packinghouses from orchards early in the season. Selected isolates were characterized determined by wound-inoculating Anjou for pathogenicity and virulence on Anjou pear fruit and resistance to benomyl. Sixty, 72, and 89% pear fruits with 2.5 X 106 conidia per of Botrytis spp., Penicillium spp., and M. piriformis isolates, respectively, were pathogenic on pear milliliter and comparing lesion size with fruit. The percentage of pathogenic Penicillium spp. isolates resistant to benomyl also increased lesions produced by P. expansum isolate later in the season. Benomyl-resistant isolates of Penicillium spp. were less virulent than benomyl-46 recovered from an Anjou pear fruit in sensitive isolates. The percentage of Penicillium spp. isolates resistant to benomyl in the Mid-1980 at the Mid-Columbia Experiment Columbia region has not increased during the last 5 yr. Station and characterized as sensit benomyl. To determine benomyl resist