“…However, the complexity of interactions between phytophagous insects and their hosts, requirements of the insect's adult stage, and environmental factors are parameters that limit the accuracy of morphological analysis (Miller and Kosztarab, 1979). Therefore, molecular markers such as random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) and inter-simple sequence repeat-PCR (ISSR-PCR) are powerful tools in studies on the genetic variability of insect species (Lima et al, 2002;Souza et al, 2008, Silva et al, 2009Auad et al, 2010;Helmi and Khafaga, 2011). Molecular characterization, in turn, allows evaluations of the polymorphism within and between Dactylopius species based on the direct analysis of the DNA molecule, permitting access to a wide genome region.…”